Bird 4 Flashcards
Chlamydiosis what birds affect, stress, zoonosis and the 3 species
- Affects - corallers, cockatiels, pigeons, ducks
- Stress often leads to reactivation of latent infection
- ZOONOTIC - notifiable
- C. psittaci
○ Serious diseases in a rage of bird species and mammals - in Europe
○ Conflicting reports on prevalence and pathogenesis in chickens - C. avium
○ Respiratory disease
○ Found in pigeons, parrots and possibly wild birds - C. gallinacea - in Australia
○ Gallinaceous birds and ducks
○ Clinical signs in chickens and zoonotic potential to be investigated - no evidence of illness
Chlamydiosis clinical signs, lesions and diagnosis
Clinical Signs - Conjunctivitis - Rhinitis & sinusitis - Diarrhea - Depression - Anorexia - Weight loss - Sudden death Lesions - Polyserositis - Hepatitis - Splenomegaly Diagnosis - Gamesa stain - Histopathology - PCR - best way to identify the strain - Immunocomb -> detects antibodies NOT pathogen itself so lesions may not be - Take swab from eye of the bird or post mortem tissue lesions
Chlamydiosis treatment and prevention and control
Treatment
- Warn clients of zoonotic potential and shedding of pathogen particularly in faeces of the recovered birds
- Supportive therapy
- Tetracyclines for a prolonged period - 6 week
○ Doxycycline is reportedly the most effective to use
Prevention and control
- Carrier birds
- Quarantine
- Hygiene
- stress
- Periodic medication
Avian heart anatomy, heart rate and blood pressure
- Right ventricle -> thinner than the left
- Left ventricle -> bulk of the heart - thick wall
- AV valves -> muscular flap
- Heart rate - 200-400/m
- Blood pressure
○ 140-200 systolic
○ 130-150 diastolic
What are the 3 main diseases of the heart
- Cardiomyopathy
- Acute heart failure (SDS)
- Chronic heart failure (ascites)
Cardiomyopathy what production system is important, lesions present and clinical signs
- Important in production systems as select for increase muscle mass (pectorals) with same size heart -> unable to pump enough blood around the increase muscle mass
Degenerative lesions in the myocardium of right and/or left ventricle can lead to reduced cardiac function - can lead to ventricular failure - Clinical Signs
○ Right ventricular failure -> pressure into vena cava and causes congestion/swelling of liver, oedema and ascites
○ Left ventricular failure -> pressure back in lungs, leading to pulmonary congestion and oedema
Cardiomyopathy and predisposing factors
○ Increased metabolic/growth rate ○ Reduced oxygen tension ○ Genetic predisposition ○ Infectious ○ Nutritional ○ Toxic (sodium, furazolidone, ionophores)
Acute heart failure (SDS) what also called, how common, predisposing factors, pathogenesis and prevention
- “sudden death syndrome”
- Common in broiler birds
- Predisposing factors
○ Fast-growing males
○ Sudden death
○ Flip over - Pathogenesis
○ Ventricular fibrillation - metabolic?
○ Triggered by sudden excitement - Prevention
○ Period of darkness to slow down growth?
○ Anything to slow down growth
Chronic hear failure what also called, common in, lesions and pathogenesis
(ascites syndrome) - Common in broiler birds - Lesions ○ Pleural effusion ○ Lungs pale, fibrin, small ○ Ascites ○ Heart enlarged -> most common finding - Pathogenesis a. Rapid growth and high metabolic rate b. Increase oxygen demand c. Increase blood flow and increase CO (especially if hypoxic, anaemia, Hypervolaemia) d. Pulmonary arterial pressure increase e. Right ventricular hypertrophy f. Valvular insufficiency -> RVD(right ventricular dilation) -> RVF (right ventricular failure) g. Liver congestion and oedema h. ASCITES
What are the 2 other causes of ascites, abdominal distention and blood vessels
Other causes of ascites - Increased vascular pressure - Blockage of lymphatic drainage Abdominal distention due to accumulation of fluids - Peritonitis - Cystic right oviduct Diseases of the blood vessels - Atherosclerosis - Aortic rupture - internal haemorrahaging and mortality - blood clots and ruptured aorta diagnostic
What are the main diseases of the haematopoietic system
- Anaemia
- Haemorrhagic syndrome
○ Infectious
○ Mycotoxicosis
○ Sulphonamides - Tumours
- Parasites
○ Microfilaria
○ Protozoa
§ Atoxoplasma
crop wash how to perform
- Need to consider the tube going to use -> solid tube for parrots, if not long enough use a mouth gag, soft tube for pigeons
- 0.5 – 2ml sterile saline (crop wash), maximally hold and stretch the neck
- Hold with left hand, oesophagus on the right side so thumb will be along side the oesophagus
- Holding onto the tube (not syringe) move it on the underside of the top beck from left to right side of the mouth down into oesophagus
- Will feel it slide down alongside the thumb and confirm via feeling the trachea and crop tube as two different structures
- Draw the whole lot back into syringe, onto slip and add coverslip (crop wash)
What are the 3 important rule of the ventrodorsal and lateral view on radiograph
Ventrodorsal View
- Hourglass appearance of organs - should fit between lines between shoulders and hips
- Good alignment – keel bone directly over back bone
- Heart rule – measure width of heart, ratio with the width of the chest >60% - enlargement
Lateral View
- Good alignment - acetabulum directly overlying each other
- Gizzard is important landmark (can see with grit) needs to be in direct line with acetabulum
- Heart rule – measure length of heart against length of sternum >40% - enlargement
Faecal float what does it so ,technique and what can see with treatment
- CONCENTRATES the parasite eggs on cover slips -> able to pick up low worm burdens
- No oil emersion with condenser down
Techniques - Collect poo, mix with sodium nitrate, smash up contents with green canister, fill contain with salt solution, place cover slip and sit for 10mins, look at cover slip under the microscope
What can see – Nematode (Capillaria, ascarids), cestode (tapeworm)
Treatment - Nematodes -> benzimidazoles, MLs, Pyrantel
- Coccidia -> coccidicidal – toltrazuril, coccidiostats – sulphonamide
wet preparation technique and what can you see
- Not concentrated so can miss low worm burdens
Techniques - Small amount of faecal material on the slide (use the back end of the swab), add a few drops of sterile saline (prevent lysing of the cells), mix solution with faeces, place cover slip on top and look under the microscope
What can see - X 40 zoom -> coccidia oocysts, flagellated organisms (giardia, trichomonas)
- Bacteria (caeca – higher proportion of rods, without caeca – higher proportion of rods
- Fungi – candida (large amounts with disease), avian gastric yeast – 1 per high power field requires treatment