bipolar

Question 1

how may categories are there for the DSM criteria for manic episode

Answer 1

A-D

Question 2

Describe categories A of manic episode

Answer 2

Abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood… persistently increased goal-directed activity or energy, lasting at least 1 week… present most of day, nearly every day

Question 3

describe categories B of manic disorder

Answer 3

B. … plus 3 (or more) of following (4 if mood only irritable) …
Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
Decreased need for sleep
More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking
Flight of ideas/subjective experience that thoughts are racing
Distractibility
Increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation
Excessive involvement in ‘reckless’ activities

Question 4

what is the criteria of hypomanic episode

Answer 4

A- Describes mood similar to manic episode.
B. … plus 3 (or more; 4 if mood only irritable) of manic episode criteria (category B)
C. Episode associated with unequivocal (uncharacteristic) change in functioning
D. Disturbance in mood/function change observable by others
E. Not severe enough to qualify for manic category C
F. …not attributable to psychological effects of a substance (but can ‘emerge’ during antidepressant treatment)

Question 5

Major depressive episode (DSM-5) diagnosis?

Answer 5

An episode of MDD within any bipolar disorder is diagnosed in the same way as unipolar MDD

Question 6

Define Bipolar I DSM 5 criteria

Answer 6

A. Manic criteria A-D for at least one manic episode
The manic episode MAY have preceded or be followed by hypomanic or depressive episodes
B. Occurrence of manic and MDD episode(s) not better explained by schizoaffective disorder/schizophrenia (etc.)

Question 7

Define Bipolar II DSM 5 criteria

Answer 7

A. Hypomanic criteria A-F for at least one hypomanic episode
AND there MUST be current/past MDD episode
B. There has NEVER been a manic episode
C. The occurrence of hypomanic and major depressive episode(s) not better explained by schizoaffective disorder…

Question 8

What is bipolar defined as?

Answer 8

It is defined as a brain disorder which causes unusual shifts in a persons, mood, energy and ability to function.

Question 9

what is the prevalence for bipolar I?

Answer 9

1%

Question 10

what is the prevalence for bipolar II?

Answer 10

0.5%

Question 11

What did Edvardsen, et al (2008) suggest about the genetic heritability of bipolar

Answer 11

Bipolar disorder one of most heritable conditions.

As high as 93% in some twin studies

Question 12

what doesn’t genetics explain in bipolar disorders

Answer 12

mood swings

Question 13

what neurotransmitters are thought to be associated with bipolar disorder

Answer 13

Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin (high levels in manic)

Question 14

how are dopamine receptors involved with bipolar

Answer 14

Overly sensitive

Question 15

what did Manji & Zarate, 2011 (bipolar)

Answer 15

Argued that irregular firing relates to mood disorders.
too quickly-mania
too slowly- depression

Question 16

outline the biological explanation of ion activity in bipolar disorder

Answer 16

Ions are crucial for relaying messages within neurons
(action involves potassium and sodium ions).
The pace of this activity regulates how often neurons ‘fire’

Question 17

name some potential triggers of bipolar disorder

Answer 17

Stressful or distressing events
Childbirth
Relationship breakdown
Money problems
Childhood sexual abuse

Question 18

describe 3 impacts of bipolar disorder

Answer 18

University performance
Legal or financial consequences
Repetitive self-harming behaviours

Question 19

unfortunately, suicide attempts are more frequent in bipolar who suggested this?

Answer 19

Kessler, Borges, & Walters, 1999

Risk for death by suicide in BP patients 20–30 times higher than general population (Pompili et al., 2013)

Question 20

name some evidence that supports suicide attempts less frequent during mania

Answer 20

BP patients more suicide attempts (27%) than MDD pts (18%; Bottlender et al., 2000)