Biotechnology - Week 17 Flashcards
What’s an example of how bio- tech has been used for 1000s of years?
Food fermentations
What is white bio-tech
Living organisms making industrial products
- chemicals, enzymes, vitamins, amino acid
What changed with citric acid production?
WW1 stopped import of lemons
in 1923 NY produced A. niger which can produce citric acid through bacteria
Industrial chemical production:
Acetic
butanol
lactic
Ferm of ethanol or methanol by microbes
from petroleum, ferm from clostridium
Half europe made by microbes
Immobilised enzymes, what use this and example?
Enzyme receyling - if they are cheap and safe they are left in
in not cheap not safe use immobilsed enzymes to fix on some way.
-can use cost
What is red bio-tech?
Biopharma, antibodies, stem cells, animal models, gene therapy
recombinant protein main used?
- replacement for missing or defective proteins
- inhibition of infectious agents
- insulin production for example
8 types of vaccine?
DNA, RNA hetertypic, taxoid, subunit, attenuated, conjugate, inactivated
First vaccine discovery ?
Small pox - by milkmaids
What is a subunit vaccine ?
Fragment from a pathogen that can be used to provide immunity - hep B
inactivated vaccine?
Killed pathogen enough to trigger immune system
attenuated vaccine?
Live/ weakened, not expressing toxic gene
How to develop a new vaccine?
Sequence genome, find antigens, determine which protein trigger immune response
What are stem cells?
Undifferentiated cells can differentiate into specialised cells and replicate to make more stem cells
What are the 3 types of potency?
totipotency
pluripotent
mulitpotent
What is totipotency?
cells can differentiate into all cell lineages to regenerate whole organism
What is pluripotent
cells can differentiate into many, not all cell lineages
WHat are hematopoietic stem cells?
found in bone marrow, mulitpotent, replenish red and white blood cells
What are Intestinal epithelial stem cells?
Found in small intestine
can be absorbative epithelial cells , goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, paneth cells
What is stem cell therapy used for ?
Bone marrow transplant, embilical cord blood, also potentially leukaemia, lymphoma, sickle cell etc
What is green bio-tech used for?
Gather evidence for crime, genetic history etc
What is environmental bio-tech used for ?
Bioremediation and biofuels
What is bioremediation?
using living organisms and their products to breakdown waste and pollutants from the environment
