biotech cell test Flashcards
cell membrane
fatty phospholipid bilayer
constantly in motion
homeostasis (stays the same)
cell wall
PLANT
helps maintain shape
provides protection
made up of mostly cellulose
cytoplasm
suspends and protects organelles
vacuole
stores materials within cell
ribosome
sites of protein synthesis
transcription/translation
Golgi apparatus
packages proteins for transport out of the cell
rough and smooth ER
network of membranes found throughout the cell
rough ER
wrapped around nucleus
synthesizes and packages proteins
smooth ER
stores substances
central vacuole
PLANT
stores water
provides structure when full
chloroplast
PLANT
contains chlorophyll
site of photosynthesis
mitochondria
powerhouse of cell
creates energy in form of ATP (respiration)
cellular respiration
converts glucose into usable ATP
nucleus
controls all cell functions in a eukaryotic cell
contains DNA
nuclear membrane
keeps all of the chromatin and nucleolus inside
has pores to allow mRNA to go to ribosomes
lysosomes
(garbage man of cell)
digests excess or worn out cell parts, food particles and invading viruses or bacteria using enzymes
microtubules
define cell structure and movement
forms part of cytoskeleton
nuclear pores
allows RNA and proteins to pass through
centrioles/centrosome
ANIMAL-CENTRIOLE
PLANT-CENTROSOME
helps cell to reproduce/split
membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotic
cellulose based cell wall (where a cell wall is present)
Eukaryotic
DNA held on linear chromosomes
Eukaryotic
DNA locked within the nucleus
Eukaryotic
ATP production occurs in mitochondria
Eukaryotic
has nucleus
Eukaryotic
large (70s) ribosomes
Eukaryotic
phospholipid bi-layer cell membrane
Eukaryotic
may have undulipodia
Eukaryotic
no membrane bound organelles
Prokaryotic
Peptidoglycan based cell wall (where cell wall is present)
Prokaryotic
DNA held on circular chromosomes
Prokaryotic
DNA contented within the cytoplasm
Prokaryotic
ATP production occurs in the unfolded regions of the cell membrane called mesosomes
Prokaryotic
no nucleus
Prokaryotic
small ribosomes
Prokaryotic
ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis
Prokaryotic
may have flagella
Prokaryotic
phospholipid bilayer
marks the boundaries of a cell
heads are polar and hydrophilic
tails are hydrophobic
peripheral protein
selectively allow cells to enter
cellular communication
integral protein
extend through the lipid bilayer
one end contacts the interior and the other touches the exterior
TRANSPORT
glycoprotein
has a carbohydrate attached to it that signals whether a specific cell should or should not be in the body
cytoskeleton
structural framework
transportation
concerning energy and protein use: Lipid diffusion
no energy
no proteins
concerning energy and protein use: osmosis
no energy
no proteins
concerning energy and protein use: passive transport
no energy
does use proteins
concerning energy and protein use: active transport
uses energy
uses proteins
concerning energy and protein use: Vesicles
uses energy
does not use proteins
endocytosis
transport of materials into a cell
exocytosis
transport of materials out of a cell
vesicles
process of endocytosis and exocytosis
materials are enclosed by a fold in the cell membrane, which pinches shut to form a closed vesicle and vice versa
active transport/pumping
movement against concentration gradient
protein binds a molecule to be transported on one side of the membrane, changes shape and releases it on the other side
passive transport
channel protein
carrier protein
channel protein
from a water-filled pore into membrane which ions are able to diffuse across
cell can control entry and exit of ions
carrier protein
have a binding site for a specific solute
substance will bind on high concentration side and be released on low concentration side
tonicity
the concentration of the solution that surrounds a cell will affect the cell, due to osmosis
hypotonic solution
animal-water enters; cell swells
plant-water enters cell; becomes turgid
isotonic solution
animal and plant- no net water movement; cell normal size
hypertonic solution
animal- water leaves; cell shrinks
plant- water leaves; cytoplasm shrinks (plasmolysis)
water potential
a calculation of which way the water will move and how fast in osmosis
osmosis
the diffusion of water from a dilute to a concentrated solution across a membrane
water travels to the highest concentration of solute
lipid diffusion
small, non polar molecules pass directly through the lipid bilayer
what materials enter the nucleus
ribonucleotides for RNA synthesis, Deoxyriboneucleotides for DNA synthesis, histones, and ATP
what materials exit the nucleus
mRNA, and tRNA
what materials does the nucleus need to produce ribosomes
nucleotides, RNA polymerases and transcription factors
where do RNA nucleotides come from
engulfing other cells
absorbing them
producing them with enzymes
and through the person’s diet
purpose of cristae
reduces time needed for ATP synthesis through a larger surface area
if a lysosome breaks open or leaks its contents, why is the containing cell not digested?
enzymes only digest the sub straight that they specifically work with, so if it breaks it will only affect the lysosome
function of the thylakoid membrane
where the photosynthetic light reactions take place
function of the rough ER
make and pack proteins
how do different organelles communicate with eachother
by sending vesicles, through proteins or through direct contact
study diagrams
study diagrams
