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Study > Biostats Epidemiology > Flashcards

Biostats Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Father of epidemiology

A

John Snow

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2
Q

It was thought that
diseases were caused by
________, a poisonous
vapor or mist filled with
particles from decomposed matter
(________) that caused illnesses. It was
identifiable by its foul smell

A

“Miasma”, miasmata

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3
Q

By the help of
Epidemiology, the
__________________ was
supplanted by the “Germ
theory” – most diseases
are caused by an
infectious agent

A

“Miasmatic theory”

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4
Q

Epi = ?

A

upon

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5
Q

Demos = ?

A

Population

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6
Q

Logos = ?

A

Study of

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7
Q

The study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified human populations and its application to the control of health problems

A

Epidemiology

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8
Q

The branch of medical science which
treats of epidemics

A

Epidemiology

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9
Q

is the study of “epidemics”
and their prevention

A

Epidemiology

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10
Q

Current scope of Epidemiology:

A
  • endemic communicable diseases
  • non-communicable infectious diseases
  • chronic diseases, injuries, birth defects, maternal child health, occupational health, and environmental health
  • health-related behaviors: exercise, seat belt use
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11
Q

Includes Frequency and pattern

A

Distribution

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12
Q

the number of health events (e.g. number of cases of diabetes in a population), also the relationship of
that number to the size of the population

A

Frequency

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13
Q

the occurrence of health-related events by time, place, and person

A

Pattern

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14
Q

annual, seasonal, weekly, daily, hourly, weekday versus weekend,

A

Time patterns

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15
Q

geographic variation, urban/rural differences, and location of work sites or schools

A

Place patterns

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16
Q

demographic factors (age, sex, marital
status, and socioeconomic status), as well as behaviors and environmental exposures

A

Personal Characteristics

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17
Q

Causes and other factors that influence the occurrence of disease and other health-related events

A

Determinants

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18
Q

_______ does not occur randomly in a population, but happens only when the right accumulation of ____________ or determinants exists in an individual

A

Illness, risk factors

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19
Q
  • Discover the agent, host, and environmental factors that affect health
  • Determine the relative importance of causes of illness, disability, and death
  • Identify those segments of the population that have the greatest risk from specific causes of ill health
  • Evaluate the effectiveness of health programs and services in improving population health
A

Epidemiology Purposes
in Public Health Practice

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20
Q

AIMS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY

A
  1. Describe the health status of population
  2. Explain the etiology of disease
  3. Predict the frequency and distribution of disease
  4. Control diseases in populations
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21
Q

USES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY

A

 Determine the magnitude and trends

 Identify the etiology or cause of disease

 Determine the mode of transmission

 Identify risk factors or susceptibility

 Determine the role of the environment

 Evaluate the impact of the control measures

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22
Q

Host

A

*Demographic characteristics
*Biological characteristics
*Socioeconomic characteristics

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23
Q

Agents

A

*Biological agents
*Physical agents
*Chemical agents
*Nutrient agents
*Mechanical agents
*Social agents

24
Q

Environment

A

*Physical environment
*Biological environment
*Social environment

25
Q

Solving Health problems

A

Step 1: Data collection
Step 2: Assessment
Step 3: Hypothesis Testing
Step 4: Action

26
Q

disease occurrence among a population that is in excess of what is expected in a given time and place.

A

epidemic or outbreak

27
Q

group of cases in a specific time and place that might be more than expected.

A

cluster

28
Q

disease or condition present among a population at all times.

A

endemic

29
Q

a disease or condition that spreads across regions.

A

pandemic

30
Q

number of cases occurring during a specific period; always dependent on the size of the population during that period.

A

rate

31
Q

Increasing amount of disease

A

Sporadic > Endemic > Epidemic > Pandemic

32
Q

Epidemiology Study types

A

Experimental

Observational

33
Q

Examining the distribution of a disease in a population, and observing the basic
features of its distribution in terms of time, place, and person

A

DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY

34
Q

Testing a specific hypothesis about the relationship of a disease to a putative cause, by conducting an epidemiologic study that relates the exposure of
interest to the disease of interest

A

ANALYTIC EPIDEMIOLOGY

35
Q

Typical study design:

community health survey (approximate synonyms - cross-sectional study,
descriptive study)

A

Descriptive epidemiology

36
Q

Typical study designs:

cohort, case-control

A

Analytic epidemiology

37
Q

When was the
population affected?

Where was the
population affected?

Who was affected?

A

Descriptive epidemiology

38
Q

How was the
population affected?

Why was the
population affected?

A

Analytic epidemiology

39
Q

Tests hypotheses about:
* Why
* How

Comparing groups with different rates of disease occurrence and with differences in demographic characteristics, genetic or
immunologic make-up, behaviors, environmental exposures, and other potential risk factors

A

ANALYTIC EPIDEMIOLOGY

40
Q

An epidemiologist:

A

Counts

Divides

Compares

41
Q

To measure frequency of a disease or event, pay attention to the numerator (cases) and the denominator (population at risk)

A

Measuring Frequency

42
Q

MEASURES OF DISEASE
FREQUENCY

A
  • ratios
  • proportions
  • prevalence, incidence
  • risks, rates, odds

all functions of numerators (cases) and
denominators (population at risk or those at risk but disease free)

43
Q

the relative magnitudes of two
quantities (usually expressed as a
quotient) (A/B)

A

Ratio

44
Q

a ratio that relates the part
(the numerator) to the whole (the
denominator) — numerator always part
of the denominator (A/A+B)

A

Proportions

45
Q

The total number of cases (existing cases) of the disease in the population at a given time

A

Prevalence

46
Q

The total number of cases in the population, divided by the number of individuals in the population

A

Prevalence

47
Q

It is a proportion and is usually expressed as a percentage

A

Prevalence

48
Q

The total number of NEW cases of the disease in a population at risk of the disease in a defined time period

A

Incidence

49
Q

The total number of NEW cases in the population, divided by the total number of individuals at risk of the disease in the population

A

Incidence

Again, it is a proportion (RISK) and can be
expressed as a percentage

50
Q

Is number of events over number of possible
events

A

Risk

51
Q

Is defined as the number of events to the
number of non-events

A

Odds

52
Q

velocity at which new cases of a particular disease (or outcome of interest) occur in a population at risk for the disease

A

Rate

53
Q
  • Compare a group of individuals with disease (“case” group) and a
    group (“control” group) without disease with respect to the factor
    of interest (exposure/treatment)
  • Retrospective or prospective
A

Case Control

54
Q

A sample of a reference population is examined at a given point in
time

A

Cross-sectional

55
Q
  • A sample of a reference population is examined at a given point in
    time
  • A “cohort” is defined and individuals are classified as to exposure
    levels
  • Study participants are followed over time and assessed for the
    development of disease
A

Cohort

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