Cytogen genetic engeneering

Question 1

is defined as the modification of the genetic information of living organisms by direct manipulation of their DNA rather than by the more indirect method of breeding (Allaby, 1995).

Answer 1

Genetic engineering

Question 2

is also called as gene cloning, recombinant DNA technology or gene
manipulation.

Answer 2

Genetic engineering

Question 3

a gene of known function can be transferred from its normal location into a cell which originally
lack it via suitable mobile genetic element

Answer 3

vector (ex. plasmid, viruses (phages), etc.)

Question 4

is the keeper of the all the information needed to recreate an organism.

Answer 4

DNA

Question 5

All DNA is made
up of a base consisting

Answer 5

sugar, phosphate and one nitrogen base

Question 6

There are four nitrogen
bases

Answer 6

1) Adenine (A)
2) Thymine (T)
3) guanine (G)
4) cytosine (C)

Question 7

The nitrogen bases are found _______, with AT & T and G & C paired together.

Answer 7

in pair

Question 8

The sequence of the nitrogen cases can be arranged in a in infinite ways, and their structure is known as the famous

Answer 8

Double Helix

Question 9

The sugar used in DNA is

Answer 9

Deoxyribose

Question 10

The DNA is transcribed intro
____ and mRNA is translated into _______, and the protein then forms the ________. By changing the DNA sequence, the way in which the protein is formed changes. This leads to either a _________________, or an ________________.

Answer 10

mRNA, protein, organism, different protein, inactive protein

Question 11

is the general name for taking a piece of one DNA and combining it with another strand of DNA

Answer 11

Recombinant DNA

Question 12

Recombinant DNA is also sometimes referred to as

Answer 12

“chimera”

Question 13

THREE DIFFERENT METHODS RECOMBINANT DNA

Answer 13

Transformation
Non-Bacterial Transformation
Phage Introduction

Question 14

First step in transformation is to select a piece of DNA to be inserted to a ______

Answer 14

vector

Question 15

Second step is to cut that piece of DNA with a restriction enzyme and then ligate
the DNA insert into the vector with

Answer 15

DNA ligase

Question 16

This is a process very similar to Transformation, which was described above.The only difference between the two is that non-bacterial does not use bacteria such
as E.coli for host.

Answer 16

Non-Bacterial Transformation

Question 17

the host cells are bombarded with high velocity microprojectiles, such as particles of gold or tungsten that have been coated with DNA.

Answer 17

biolistics

Question 18

is the process of transfection, which is equivalent to transformation except a phase (a virus that infects a bacteria) is used instead of bacteria.

Answer 18

Phage Introduction

Question 19

packaging of a vector is used

Answer 19

In vitro

Question 20

This use ______ or ___ phages to produce plaques which contain recombinants

Answer 20

lambda, MI2

Question 21

Areas where recombinant DNA will have an impact

Answer 21

Better Crops (drought & heart resistance)
Recombinant Vaccines (i.e. Hepatitis B)
Prevention and cure of sickle anemia
Prevention and cure of cystic fibrosis
Production of clotting factors
Production of insulin

Question 22

is the process of identifying and isolating DNA from living or dead cell and
introducing it into another living cell.

Answer 22

Genetic engineering

Question 23

Tools of Genetic Engineering

Answer 23

Enzymes
Foreign DNA/Passenger DNA

Question 24

such as exonuclease, endonucleases, restriction enzymes (=restriction
endonuclease), SI enzymes (to change cohesive ends of single stranded DNA fragments into blunt ends), DNA ligases, alkaline phosphatases, reverse transcriptase, DNA polymerase

Answer 24

Enzymes

Question 25

it is a fragment

Answer 25

Foreign DNA/Passenger DNA

Question 26

depend upon the gene being surrounded by a collection of signal which provide instructions for the transcription and translation of the gene by the cell.

Answer 26

Protein expressions

Question 28

is a treatment that involves altering the genes inside your body’s cells to stop
disease.

Answer 28

Gene Therapy

Question 29

A ___________ may be inserted into a ____________________ within the genome to replace a __________________. This approach is most common

Answer 29

normal gene, nonspecific location, nonfunctional gene

Question 30

An _____________ could be swapped for a normal gene through ________________________

Answer 30

abnormal gene, homologous
recombination

Question 31

The regulation (the degree to which a gene is turned on or off) of a particular gene could be _______

Answer 31

altered

Question 32

The abnormal gene could be repaired through __________________________, which returns the gene to its normal function.

Answer 32

selective reverse mutation

Question 33

is used to replace the entire mitochondria that carry defective
mitochondrial DNA

Answer 33

Spindle transfer

Question 34

cells with healthy genes may be introduced in the
affected tissue, so that the healthy gene overcomes the defect without affecting the inheritance of the patient.

Answer 34

Patient therapy

Question 35

the genetic constitution of embryo at the postzygotic level is altered so that the inheritance is altered.

Answer 35

Embryo therapy

Question 36

Gene Therapy Issues

Answer 36

Short-lived nature of gene therapy
Immune response
Problems with viral vectors
Multigene disorders
Chance of inducing a tumor