Cytogen genetic engeneering Flashcards
is defined as the modification of the genetic information of living organisms by direct manipulation of their DNA rather than by the more indirect method of breeding (Allaby, 1995).
Genetic engineering
is also called as gene cloning, recombinant DNA technology or gene
manipulation.
Genetic engineering
a gene of known function can be transferred from its normal location into a cell which originally
lack it via suitable mobile genetic element
vector (ex. plasmid, viruses (phages), etc.)
is the keeper of the all the information needed to recreate an organism.
DNA
All DNA is made
up of a base consisting
sugar, phosphate and one nitrogen base
There are four nitrogen
bases
1) Adenine (A)
2) Thymine (T)
3) guanine (G)
4) cytosine (C)
The nitrogen bases are found _______, with AT & T and G & C paired together.
in pair
The sequence of the nitrogen cases can be arranged in a in infinite ways, and their structure is known as the famous
Double Helix
The sugar used in DNA is
Deoxyribose
The DNA is transcribed intro
____ and mRNA is translated into _______, and the protein then forms the ________. By changing the DNA sequence, the way in which the protein is formed changes. This leads to either a _________________, or an ________________.
mRNA, protein, organism, different protein, inactive protein
is the general name for taking a piece of one DNA and combining it with another strand of DNA
Recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA is also sometimes referred to as
“chimera”
THREE DIFFERENT METHODS RECOMBINANT DNA
Transformation
Non-Bacterial Transformation
Phage Introduction
First step in transformation is to select a piece of DNA to be inserted to a ______
vector
Second step is to cut that piece of DNA with a restriction enzyme and then ligate
the DNA insert into the vector with
DNA ligase
This is a process very similar to Transformation, which was described above.The only difference between the two is that non-bacterial does not use bacteria such
as E.coli for host.
Non-Bacterial Transformation
the host cells are bombarded with high velocity microprojectiles, such as particles of gold or tungsten that have been coated with DNA.
biolistics
is the process of transfection, which is equivalent to transformation except a phase (a virus that infects a bacteria) is used instead of bacteria.
Phage Introduction
packaging of a vector is used
In vitro
This use ______ or ___ phages to produce plaques which contain recombinants
lambda, MI2
Areas where recombinant DNA will have an impact
Better Crops (drought & heart resistance)
Recombinant Vaccines (i.e. Hepatitis B)
Prevention and cure of sickle anemia
Prevention and cure of cystic fibrosis
Production of clotting factors
Production of insulin
is the process of identifying and isolating DNA from living or dead cell and
introducing it into another living cell.
Genetic engineering
Tools of Genetic Engineering
Enzymes
Foreign DNA/Passenger DNA
such as exonuclease, endonucleases, restriction enzymes (=restriction
endonuclease), SI enzymes (to change cohesive ends of single stranded DNA fragments into blunt ends), DNA ligases, alkaline phosphatases, reverse transcriptase, DNA polymerase
Enzymes
it is a fragment
Foreign DNA/Passenger DNA
depend upon the gene being surrounded by a collection of signal which provide instructions for the transcription and translation of the gene by the cell.
Protein expressions
is a treatment that involves altering the genes inside your body’s cells to stop
disease.
Gene Therapy
A ___________ may be inserted into a ____________________ within the genome to replace a __________________. This approach is most common
normal gene, nonspecific location, nonfunctional gene
An _____________ could be swapped for a normal gene through ________________________
abnormal gene, homologous
recombination
The regulation (the degree to which a gene is turned on or off) of a particular gene could be _______
altered
The abnormal gene could be repaired through __________________________, which returns the gene to its normal function.
selective reverse mutation
is used to replace the entire mitochondria that carry defective
mitochondrial DNA
Spindle transfer
cells with healthy genes may be introduced in the
affected tissue, so that the healthy gene overcomes the defect without affecting the inheritance of the patient.
Patient therapy
the genetic constitution of embryo at the postzygotic level is altered so that the inheritance is altered.
Embryo therapy
Gene Therapy Issues
Short-lived nature of gene therapy
Immune response
Problems with viral vectors
Multigene disorders
Chance of inducing a tumor
