BIOSTATISTICS Flashcards
This is a range of values within which the true result probably falls
CONFIDENCE INTERVAL
The Science of epidemiology rests on ______, Because Public health is concerned with populations, and statistics provide information and interpret data.
STATISTICS
ORGANIZATION OF DATA:
-The purpose is to convey a simpler idea of what the statistical table contains
-Primary tools for presentation and analysis
GRAPHING
TYPES OF DATA FOR TABULATION:
used to compare two or more frequencies
CORRELATION DATA
CLASSIFICATION OF STATISTICAL DATA:
Population size, age, sex, geographic distribution, mortality, morbidity, growth rate
DEMOGRAPHIC
TRUE OR FALSE
data of unknown quality are useful.
FALSE
data of unknown quality are USELESS
TYPES OF GRAPH:
Used to graph time-series data to depict trends or changes with time with respect to some other variables
LINE GRAPH
PARTS OF A GRAPH:
-this is needed when one is drawing more than one graph in a graphing space. This clarifies to what particular item each of the graphs refers.
-It is placed either at the bottom of the graph or as close as possible to the figures being identified.
LEGEND
TYPES OF VARIABLE
QUALITATIVE, QUANTITATIVE
LEVEL OF MEASUREMENTS:
a classificatory scale where the categories are used as labels only
NOMINAL
Examples of INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
ESTIMATION, HYPOTHESIS TESTING
The term statistics refers to both the numbers that describe the _________ and the science that helps to _______ those numbers.
health of populations, interpret
-variables whose categories are simply used as labels to distinguish one group from another
-numerical representation of the categories is for labeling/coding and NOT for comparison
QUALITATIVE VARIABLE
Examples of DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
COUNTS, PROPORTIONS, TABLES, GRAPHS, SUMMARY MEASURES
TYPES OF DATA FOR TABULATION:
-Data are grouped according to some scale of classification, where the sum of the entries is equal to the total.
-The figures may either be in equal numbers, in percentages, or in both. The scales used may be qualitative, quantitative, or both.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
PARTS OF A GRAPH:
these are the lines, bars or figures drawn within the graphing space
BODY OF THE GRAPH
Uses of Statistics
- Problems of estimates
- Problems of comparison
- Health need identification
- Analysis of problem and trends
- Epidemiologic evaluation
- Program planning
- Budget preparation and justification
- Administrative decision making
- Health education
PARTS OF A TABLE:
it should state the objective of the table. It should clearly,
briefly and comprehensively what the figures in the body of the table stand for. How the data are classified, where and when obtained
TITLE
refers to quantitative data affected to a marked extent by a multiplicity of causes. Data are collected in order to measure something (number of deaths, births, specific diseases, hospital admissions)
DATA
measurement of a characteristic
VARIABLE
LEVEL OF MEASUREMENTS:
same characteristics as ordinal; zero point is arbitrary and does not mean absence of the characteristic
INTERVAL
ORGANIZATION OF DATA:
It refers to the arrangement of any data in an orderly sequence so that they can be presented concisely and compactly and so that they can be understood easily
TABULATION
TYPES OF GRAPH:
Shows the breakdown of a group per total where the number of categories is not too many
PIE CHART
CLASSIFICATION OF STATISTICAL DATA:
Water supply, excreta disposal, school enrollment, food establishment, transports, food intake/habits
Health-related Socio-economic Environmental Factors
LEVEL OF MEASUREMENTS:
used for categories which can be ordered or ranked
ORDINAL
CLASSIFICATION OF STATISTICAL DATA:
Causes and distribution of mortality and morbidity as to residence, place of occurrence, age, sex
HEALTH STATUS
Statistical techniques for summarizing and presenting data in a form that will make them easier to analyze and interpret
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
It refers to orderly processes of data collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation (tabulation of data, computation of rates and frequency distribution, graphic presentation)
METHOD
TYPES OF GRAPH:
used to graph qualitative variables and discontinuous variables of the quantitative variety
BAR GRAPH
CLASSIFICATION OF STATISTICAL DATA:
Number and distribution of health facilities, health manpower, health expenditures
HEALTH RESOURCES
PARTS OF A TABLE:
indicate the basis of classification of the columns or vertical series of figures.
COLUMN HEADINGS
-values indicate a quantity or amount and can be expressed numerically
-values can be arranged according to magnitude
QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE
PARTS OF A TABLE:
indicate the basis of classification of the rows or horizontal series of figures
STUBS
PARTS OF A TABLE:
indicates the source of information
FOOTNOTE
use to express the degree of probability or improbability
of a certain result in an experiment.
P-VALUE
LEVEL OF MEASUREMENTS:
same characteristics as ordinal; a meaningful zero point exist
RATIO
TYPES OF GRAPH:
Used to graph continuous variables. Same function as a histogram
POLYGON
PARTS OF A TABLE:
this is made up of the figures filling the cells or compartments brought about by the coordinates of rows and columns
BODY OF THE TABLE
PARTS OF A GRAPH:
-indicate clearly and briefly what the figures in the body of the graph stand for, how the data were classified, and where and when obtained.
-This is placed at the bottom of the graph, preceded by a number for easy reference
TITLE
TYPES OF GRAPH:
A graphical representation, similar to a bar chart in structure, that organizes a group of data points into user-specified ranges
HISTOGRAM
PARTS OF A TABLE:
refers to the column totals and row totals
MARGINAL TOTALS
TRUE OF FALSE
No measurement is perfectly accurate or exact.
TRUE
TYPES OF DATA FOR TABULATION:
some variable changes over a period of time is the one being presented
TIME SERIES DATA
Concerned with making estimates, predictions, generalizations, and conclusions about a target population based on information from a sample
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
PARTS OF A GRAPH:
-has two axes, vertical and horizontal
AXIS
Used to described the variety and frequency of past outcomes under similar conditions as a way of predicting what should happen in the future.
PROBABILITY
TYPES OF GRAPH:
used to show the relationship of simultaneous measurement
SCATTER POINT / SCATTERPLOT DIAGRAM
