Biospychology as level

Question 1

AS level

What is the role of the nervous system?

Answer 1

has two main functions:

TO
collect, process and respond to information in the enviroment
- TO
co-ordinate the Working of different
organs and cells

Question 2

Function of the central nervous system?

Answer 2

Passes messages to and from the brain and connects nerves to the pns.

Question 4

What is the cns made up of, and their role?

Answer 4

Spinal cord- an extension of the brain, responsible for reflex actions

Brain- centre of all conscious awareness.

Question 5

What is the function of the pns?

And what is it divided into?

Answer 5

Transmits message via millions of neurons to and from the cns

Somatic nervous system & autonomic nervous system

Question 6

Functions of somatic nervous system & autonomic nervous system?

Answer 6

Sns- 12 pairs of cranial nerves from the brain and 31 pairs of spinal nerves from the spinal cord

relays sensory and motor neurons to and from the spinal cord

Ans- regulates involuntary movements

Question 7

What are the 2 parts of the ANS and their functions?

Answer 7

Sympathetic nervous system- involved in responses that help us deal with threats/emergencies e.g fight or flight

Parasympathetic nervous system- puts the body in the pre sympathetic state (relaxing the individual) once the threat has passed. This may take a while

These systems work in opposition to each other (antagonistic)

Question 8

What are the reasons for these psychological change?

Answer 8

Increased heart rate- increase blood flow to organs and increase movement of adrenaline around body

Pupil dilation- increase light into the eye to enhance vision

Question 9

What are examples of the Sympathetic and parasympathetic?

Answer 9

Sympathetic
Heart - increased heart rate
Eye - dilates pupils
Liver - stimulates glucose production

Parasympathetic
Heart - decreased heart rate
Eye - constricts pupils
Liver - stimulates bile production

Question 10

Outline fight or fight response

Part 1

Answer 10

Anxiety and fear
acts as a mechanism to protect the body against Stress and danger.
• The sympathetic nervous System controls the “fight or plignt”,and it controls the necessary bodily changes needed when faced wich
a situation where we may defend ourselves or escape.
• In order to return everything to normal the parasymparnetic nervous System Kicks In. This
system is slow and may take several minutes
to get your body back to normal before the scare

Question 11

Outline how the fight or flight works

Step 1

Answer 11

When someone enters a potentially stressful situation, the amygdala
(part of the limbic system in the brain) is activated.
- The amygdala responds to sensory input (what we see, hear, smell, etc.)
and connects sensory input with emotions associated with the fight or
flight response (e.g. fear and anger).

-If the situation is deemed as stressful/dangerous, the amygdala sends
a distress signal to the hypothalamus, which communicates with the body
through the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 12

Outline how the fight or flight works

Step 2 -4

Answer 12

2) Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is triggered by the
amygdala.

3) The SNS sends a signal to the adrenal medulla to release the hormone; adrenaline into the blood stream.

4) Adrenaline circulates all over the body causing a number
of changes. E.g. HEART RATE INCREASES, PUPILS
DILATE ETC

Question 13

Outline how the fight or flight works

Step 5

Answer 13

When the threat has passed, the parasympathetic part of the
Autonomic nervous system is activated to dampen down the
SNS. E.g, heartbeat slows down, digestion begins again, pupils
constrict (rest and digest)

Question 16

Functions of the 3 types of neurons

Answer 16

Sensory- They process information from the environment,
and carry this information to the CNS (brain and spinal cord)

Relay- Relay neurons are in the CNS, and connect motor and sensory neurons

Motor- Motor neurons carry signals from the CNS to effectors (muscles or glands)

Question 17

How does a nervous impulse travel down a neuron

Answer 17

-A dendrite receives a signal from another neuron
-The signal is passed down the axon
-In many neurons, there is a myelin sheath surrounding the axon
this increases the speed at which the signals are transmitted
-The signal reaches the terminal buttons at the end of the neuron
-It is then passed along to the next neuron

Question 18

What is action potential?

Answer 18

The information that arrives at the axon in the form of an electrical signal

Question 20

Outline the process of synaptic transmission

Answer 20

1) The nervous Impulse (or action potential) arrives at the
presynaptic terminal, at the terminal button
2) This causes Vesicles containing neurotransmitter to move towards the presynaptic membrane
3) The vesicles bind to the presynaptic membrane and releases neurotransmitter Into the synaptic gap.
4)The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic gap
(5) The neurotransmitter binds to receptors On the postsynaptic gap. These are complementary (Shape goes togetner)
6) This Causes channels in the pastsynaptic membrane to open and charged particles
to flow Into the postsynaptic terminal
7) The nervous Impulse can carry on Its
Journey down the next neuron

Question 23

Examples of the endocrine system

Answer 23

Gland. Hormone. Function

Pancreas. Insulin. Regulate blood glucose

Ovaries. Oestrogen Regulating the
And Menstrual
Progesterone Cycle

Question 24

Endocrine vs nervous system

Answer 24

Both communicate methods within the body

Ns sends messages electronically but es sends chemical messages

Ns sends messages really fast but es sends messages more slowly

Question 25

What is the function endocrine system?

Answer 25

A network of glands throughout the body that releases chemicals called hormones into blood or bodily fluids.

The hormones communicate messages to the organs of the body, similarly to neurons- they prompt certain responses e.g adrenaline or fight or flight