Biopsychology: Ultradian Rhythms 2024 - 2025

Question 1

KEY TERM Focus

What is meant by an ultradian rhythm?

Answer 1

A cycle that is less than 24 hours

Question 2

Key Term Focus

What two things are biological rhythms controlled by?

These are essential key terms

Answer 2

• Endogenous pacemakers
• Exogenous zeitgebers

These are essential key terms

Question 3

Key Term Focus

What is meant by an endogenous pacemaker?

Answer 3

Internal body clock

Question 4

Key Term Focus

What is meant by exogenous zeitgebers?

Answer 4

External factors in the environment

Question 5

Key Term Focus

What is the difference between an endogenous pacemaker and an exogenous zeitgeber?

Answer 5

• Endogenous pacemaker = internal body clock

WHEREAS

• Exogenous zeitgeber = external factor in environment

Question 6

AO1 Focus

What is an example of an ultradian rhythm?

Answer 6

Stages of sleep

Question 7

AO1 Focus

What is an example of a cycle that lasts for less than 24 hours?

Answer 7

Stages of sleep

Question 8

AO1 Focus

A cycle that lasts less than 24 hours is known as…

Answer 8

An ultradian rhythm

Question 9

AO1 Focus

How many stages of sleep are there?

Answer 9

5

Question 10

AO1 Focus

What brain scanning technique is used to investigate stages of sleep?

Answer 10

EEG
(Electroencephalograph)

Question 11

AO1 Focus

What 3 things experience change during the stages of sleep?

Answer 11

• Brain
• Muscles
• Eye activity

Question 12

AO1 Focus

How long does each stage of sleep last?

Answer 12

90 minutes

Question 13

AO1 Focus

What type of ‘sleep’ is experienced during Stage 1 and Stage 2 of the sleep cycle?

Answer 13

Light sleep / NREM

Question 14

AO1 Focus

What type of ‘sleep’ is experienced during Stage 3 and Stage 4 of the sleep cycle?

Answer 14

Deep sleep / NREM

Question 15

AO1 Focus

Deep sleep is REM sleep - true or false?

Answer 15

False - ‘deep sleep’ (Stage 3 and 4) is still non-REM sleep

Question 16

AO1 Focus

Which stage of sleep does REM occur?

Answer 16

Stage 5

Question 17

AO1 Focus

What two things characterise Stage 1 and Stage 2 sleep?

This is essential to include within essays, and explanations of the stages of the sleep cycle

Answer 17

• A person may be easily woken
• They show alpha brain waves

This is essential to include within essays, and explanations of the stages of the sleep cycle

Question 18

AO1 Focus

What brain waves are shown during Stage 1 and Stage 2 of sleep?

Tip: The brain waves produced go in an alphabetical order the further into the sleep cycle we go

Answer 18

Alpha

*Tip: The brain waves produced go in an alphabetical order the further into the sleep cycle we go - so we start with Alpha

Question 19

AO1 Focus

What three things characterise ‘deep sleep’?

This is essential to include within essays, and explanations of the stages of the sleep cycle

Answer 19

• Brain shows delta waves
• Difficult to wake someone
• The body repairs the muscles

This is essential to include within essays, and explanations of the stages of the sleep cycle

Question 20

AO1 Focus

In Stage 3 and Stage 4, what brain waves are shown?

Tip: The brain waves produced go in an alphabetical order the further into the sleep cycle we go

Answer 20

Delta

Tip: The brain waves produced go in an alphabetical order the further into the sleep cycle we go

Question 21

AO1 Focus

What 4 things characterise Stage 5 sleep?

Answer 21

• Body is paralysed
• Brain activity resembles awake brain
• Brain shows theta waves
• The brain is repaired (neurochemicals are replenished)

Question 22

AO1 Focus

In Stage 5 sleep, what type of brain waves are shown?

Tip: The brain waves produced go in an alphabetical order the further into the sleep cycle we go

Answer 22

Theta

Tip: The brain waves produced go in an alphabetical order the further into the sleep cycle we go

Question 23

AO1 Focus

In REM sleep, what type of brain waves are shown?

Answer 23

Theta

Question 24

AO1 Focus

In NREM sleep, what type of brain waves are shown?

Answer 24

Alpha (Stage 1/2)
Delta (Stage 3/4)

Question 25

# **AO1 Focus** What are two **exogenous zeitgebers** which may affect the *consistency* of ultradian rythms? ## Footnote *This would be essential is the question asked you about the role of exogenous zeitgebers in ultradian rhythms*

Answer 25

* Exercise * Mental health ## Footnote *This would be essential is the question asked you about the role of exogenous zeitgebers in ultradian rhythms*

Question 26

# **AO1 Focus** What are two **exogenous zeitgebers** which may affect the *consistency* of ultradian rythms? ## Footnote *This would be essential is the question asked you about the role of exogenous zeitgebers in ultradian rhythms*

Answer 26

* Exercise * Mental health ## Footnote *This would be essential is the question asked you about the role of exogenous zeitgebers in ultradian rhythms*

Question 27

# **AO1 Focus** How can exercise affect the sleep cycle? ## Footnote *This would be essential is the question asked you about the role of exogenous zeitgebers in ultradian rhythms*

Answer 27

Those who run ultra-marathons spend longer in Stage 4 sleep - repairing muscle, aiding recovery ## Footnote *This would be essential is the question asked you about the role of exogenous zeitgebers in ultradian rhythms*

Question 28

# **AO1 Focus** How can mental health affect the sleep cycle? ## Footnote *This would be essential is the question asked you about the role of exogenous zeitgebers in ultradian rhythms*

Answer 28

Those with depression have been found to enter Stage 5 (REM) sleep earlier than the average person ## Footnote *This would be essential is the question asked you about the role of exogenous zeitgebers in ultradian rhythms*

Question 29

# **AO1 Focus** In the context of **ultradian** **rhythms**, mental health, and exercise are all examples of what?

Answer 29

Exogenous zeitgebers

Question 30

# **AO3 Focus** What **practical application** has been developed from research into stages of sleep?

Answer 30

Medication and relaxation techniques

Question 31

# **AO3 Focus** What group of people can **benefit** from practical applications of sleep stage research?

Answer 31

Older people

Question 32

# **AO3 Focus** **Why** have medication and relaxation techniques been developed for older people ## Footnote *This will form part of your first **E** in your P**E**EL*

Answer 32

Older people experience less Stage 4 sleep ## Footnote *This will form part of your first **E** in your P**E**EL*

Question 33

# **AO3 Focus** What issues in old age can be prevented by practical applications of sleep stage research? ## Footnote *This will form part of your second **E** in your PE**E**L*

Answer 33

Reduced alertness ## Footnote *This will form part of your second **E** in your PE**E**L*

Question 34

# **AO3 Focus** Why is the use of EEG's to study stages of sleep considered scientific? ## Footnote *This will form part of your first **E** in your P**E**EL*

Answer 34

As they are objective and empirical ## Footnote *This will form part of your first **E** in your P**E**EL*

Question 35

# **AO3 Focus** **What** are EEG's used to identify regarding stages of sleep? ## Footnote *This will form part of your second **E** in your PE**E**L*

Answer 35

Identifying the length of rhythms, and how many times they occur ## Footnote *This will form part of your second **E** in your PE**E**L*