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Psychology > Biopsychology > Flashcards

Biopsychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

Network of nerve cells that carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to different parts of the body.

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2
Q

What are the two nervous systems?

A

Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

What are the two main parts of the central nervous system?

A

Brain and Spinal cord

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4
Q

What are the functions of the brain?

A

Centre of awareness.
Process complex information, higher ordered thinking, and decisions made.

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5
Q

What is the brain split into?

A

Two hemispheres.

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6
Q

What does the left hemisphere control?

A

The right side of the body

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7
Q

What does the right hemisphere control?

A

The left side of the body

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8
Q

What are the 4 lobes in both hemispheres?

A

Frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital.

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9
Q

What are the functions of the spinal cord?

A

Automatic behaviour- reflexes.
Transport messages to and from the brain to peripheral NS (extension of the brain).

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10
Q

What are the features and purpose of the peripheral NS?

A

Made up of everything else outside of NS. Relay information via nerve impulses (electrical signals) from the rest of the body back to the CNS.

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11
Q

What are the two parts of the peripheral NS?

A

Somatic NS
Autonomic NS.

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12
Q

What are the features of the somatic NS?

A

-connects internally to the external world.
-voluntary control
-control skeletal control
-sensory information towards CNS.

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13
Q

What is an example the somatic NS?

A

Language (eg teacher talking in class) is picked up by sensory neurons, and travels to CNS, Wernicke’s, via relay neurones to the motor cortex, motor neurones (eg pick up pens&write).

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14
Q

What are the features of the autonomic NS?

A

-Regulates involuntary behaviours
-Motor pathways(motor neurones)
-Homeostasis(regulates body’s internal processes)
-vital
-control smooth muscles and glands, supporting tissue of blood vessels and hollow internal organs; stomach, intestine, bladder and glands.
-ANS controls in brain stem.

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15
Q

What are the two nervous systems that make up the autonomic NS?

A

Parasympathetic NS
Sympathetic NS

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16
Q

What are the features of the Parasympathetic NS?

A

-Resting-state, homeostasis
-restore the natural order

17
Q

What are the features of the Sympathetic NS?

A

-Fight or flight
Adrenaline

18
Q

What are the structures of motor neurones?

A

Long axons
Short dendrites

19
Q

What are the functions of motor neurons?

A

Carries impulses from CNS to effector (eg muscles/glands)

20
Q

What are the structures of sensory neurons?

A

Short axons
Long dendrites

21
Q

What are the functions of sensory neurons?

A

Connects sensory receptors (eg five senses) to CNS (brain and spinal cord).

22
Q

What are the structures of relay neurones?

A

Short axons
Short dendrites

23
Q

What are the functions of relay neurons?

A

Carry information across CNS –> send a signal between sensory and motor neurons.

24
Q

What is the fight or flight response?

A

An evolutionary adaptation useful in dealing with physical threats- helps with short-term problems solved by fighting or running.

25
Q

What is the hypothalamus and sympathomedullary pathway? (SAM)

A

-The amygdala sends a distress signal to the hypothalamus.
-The hypothalamus (gland, part of endocrine) is in charge of stress response.
-Electrical impulse sent via nerve impulses(quick) to the adrenal medulla.
-Releases adrenaline (hormone) via the bloodstream to trigger sympathetic activity- puts into fight or flight.

26
Q

What are the symptoms?

A

-Dry mouth
-Increased HR/BP- more blood to muscles
-Pupil dilate- see threat
-Digestion inhibited- blood redistributed to muscles/brain
-Sweating
-Increased glucose- glycogen to release, more energy

27
Q

What is the purpose of the Pituitary Adrenal Gland (PAS)? And its difference to the SAM?

A

Parasympathetic: brings us back to a resting state. Part of the endocrine system.
-Slower (up to 1 min).

28
Q

What is the PAS pathway?

A

-Release hormone CRF
-Stimulate the Pituitary Gland to release the hormone ACTH
-Activate part of adrenal medulla: adrenal cortex- releases corticosteroids, eg cortisols.

29
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemicals in the brain that allow neurons to communicate- transfer of signalling messages between brain cells.

30
Q

What is the process of synaptic transmission?

A

For example, dopamine.
When a pleasurable stimulus is reacted to the body produces high levels of dopamine.
To produce a pleasurable outward response high levels of dopamine are relayed to the brain, which sends out electrical impulses.
-The electrical signal (known as an action potential) is detected by the dendrites in the pre-synaptic neurone.
-Travels through through cell body, as neurones along the axon.
-Once it arrives at the axon terminals, it stimulates vesicles(within are neurotransmitters) to release neurotransmitters into the synapse.
-Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft.
-Then binds to receptors on dendrites on postsynaptic neurone.
Dopamine can only bind to dopamine receptors.

31
Q

What are the three things that could happen to neurotransmitters that diffuse across the synaptic gap?

A

1) Bind
2) Broken down by enzymes in the brain(pre-synaptic gap) and are removed.
3) Reuptake- back into presynaptic neurone+refill empty vesicles.

32
Q

Where is the adrenal gland located?

A

On top of both kidneys.

33
Q

What hormone does it produce?

A

Adrenaline

34
Q

How does adrenaline affect behaviour?

A

An important part of the flight-or-flight response which help prepare for stressful or dangerous situations for survival.

35
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

Organ tucked under the liver behind the stomach.

36
Q

What hormone does it produce?

A

Secretes insulin and glucagon, which helps regulate blood sugar levels.

37
Q

How does insulin affect behaviour?

A

Insulin lowers dopamine(pleasure hormone) levels in a specific region of the brain that regulates reward processes and cognitive functions. Higher blood glucose (low insulin) is associated with anger or sadness.

Psychology (10 decks)

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