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Psychology: Paper 2 > Biopsychology > Flashcards

Biopsychology Flashcards

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1
Q

NS + ES-
What is the nervous system?

A

Highly organised system that consists of a network of specialised cells, internal communication based on electrical and chemical

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2
Q

NS + ES-
What is the CNS made up of?

A

The brain and the spine

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3
Q

NS + ES-
What does the brain do in the CNS?

A

Processes information

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4
Q

NS + ES-
What is the spines function in the CNS?

A

The spine sends signals to the rears of the body

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5
Q

NS + ES-
What does the PNS stand for?

A

Peripheral nervous system

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6
Q

NS + ES-
How does the PNS transmit signals?

A

Through nerve cells

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7
Q

NS + ES-
What systems can the PNS be divided into?

A

Autonomic nervous system (ANS), Somatic nervous system (SNS)

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8
Q

NS + ES-
What is the function of the ANS?

A

Controls digestion, breathing and heart rate

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9
Q

NS + ES-
What are the two branches of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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10
Q

NS + ES-
What is the function of the sympathetic branch?

A

Fight or flight

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11
Q

NS + ES-
What is the function of the parasympathetic branch?

A

Rest and digest

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12
Q

NS + ES
What is the function of the SNS?

A

Controls muscle movement and receives information from the SNS and sensory registers

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13
Q

NS + ES- ES-
What is a gland?

A

An organ in the body that synthesises substances such as hormones

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14
Q

NS + ES- ES-
What are hormones?

A

A biochemical substance that circulates in the bloodstream, but only effects certain organs. They are produced in large quantities but dissipated quickly

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15
Q

NS + ES- ES-
Are hormones powerful?

A

Yes, very

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16
Q

NS + ES-
What are all the different glands?

A

Pancreas, adrenal gland, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, pineal gland

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17
Q

NS + ES-
What is the function of the pancreas?

A

Regulates insulin and aids digestion,producing enzymes

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18
Q

NS + ES-
What is the function of the adrenal gland?

A

Releases adrenaline and noradrenaline, to trigger biological fight or flight

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19
Q

NS + ES-
Gat is the function of the ovaries?

A

Produces oestrogen/progesterone to regulate reproduction

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20
Q

NS + ES-
What is the function of the testes?

A

Produces testosterone to regulate reproduction

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21
Q

NS + ES-
What is the function of the thyroid gland?

A

Produces thyroxine to regulate growth and metabolism

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22
Q

NS + ES-
What is the function of the pituitary gland ?

A

Master gland which instructs other glands

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23
Q

NS + ES-
What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Controls the pituitary gland, links to the CNS

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24
Q

NS + ES-
What is the function of the pineal gland?

A

Controls the release of serotonin and melatonin

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25
Q

Neurones + synaptic transmission-
What does a nucleus contain?

A

Contains all genetic information

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26
Q

Neurones + synaptic transmission-
What are dendrites?

A

Recovers messages from other neurones

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27
Q

Neurones + synaptic transmission-
What is an axon?

A

Transmits electrical impulse

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28
Q

Neurones + synaptic transmission-
What is the myelin sheath?

A

Fatty cells which act as insulation to speed up transmission

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29
Q

Neurones + synaptic transmission-
What are Schwann cells?

A

Forms the myelin sheath

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30
Q

Neurones + synaptic transmission-
What are the nodes of ranvier?

A

The breaks in the myelin sheath, speeds up transmission (jumps)

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31
Q

Neurones + synaptic transmission-
What are the axon terminals?

A

Electrical impulses are converted into chemical messages

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32
Q

Neurones + synaptic transmission- T of N-
What is the sensory neutrons?

A

Found in the PNS, transmits information taken in by the sensory receptors (usually skin), info is sen to the CNS

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33
Q

Neurones + synaptic transmission- T of N-
What is the sensory neutrons?

A

Found in the PNS, transmits information taken in by the sensory receptors (usually skin), info is sen to the CNS

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34
Q

Neurones + synaptic transmission- T of N-
What is the relay neurone?

A

Based mostly in the CNS, acts as a go between all the neutrons,

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35
Q

Neurones + synaptic transmission- T of N-
What is a motor neurone?

A

Cell bodies of these neurones are typically located in the spinal cord, long axons (forms part of the PNS), takes info away from m the CNS

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36
Q

Neurones + synaptic transmission-ST-
What happens on synaptic transmission?

A

Neurone becomes positively charged when stimuli is encountered, axon potential travels down the axon, and moves to the next dendrites

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37
Q

Neurones + synaptic transmission-ST-
What are the secs called in the axon terminals?

A

Vesicles

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38
Q

Neurones + synaptic transmission-ST-
What do the sacs hold?

A

Neurotransmitters

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39
Q

Neurones + synaptic transmission-ST-
What is the gap between neurones called?

A

Synapse

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40
Q

Neurones + synaptic transmission-ST-
Where are the vesicles located?

A

The pre-synaptic neurone

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41
Q

Neurones + synaptic transmission-ST-
Where are the receptor cells located?

A

The post-synaptic neurone

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42
Q

Neurones + synaptic transmission-ST-
What does inhibitory mean?

A

Action potential is less likely to fire

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43
Q

Neurones + synaptic transmission-ST-
What is excitatory?

A

Action potential is more likely to fire

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44
Q

Neurones + synaptic transmission-ST-
Is serotonin more negatively or positively charged?

A

Negatively charged

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45
Q

Neurones + synaptic transmission-ST-
What effect does serotonin have on the body?

A

A relaxation y effect

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46
Q

Neurones + synaptic transmission-ST-
Is adrenaline more negatively charged or positively charged?

A

Positively charged

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47
Q

Neurones + synaptic transmission-ST-
What effect does adrenaline have on the body?

A

Non-calming effect

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48
Q

Neurones + synaptic transmission-ST-
What does summation mean?

A

How likely the action potential is to fire (net effect)

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49
Q

Fight or Flight-
What is the first step in the fight or flight response?

A

Sympathomedullory (SAM) pathway is activated

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50
Q

Fight or Flight-
What is the second step in the fight or flight response?

A

Amygdala sends a stress signal to the hypothalamus

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51
Q

Fight or Flight-
What is the third step to the fight or flight response?

A

Hypothalamus activates the pituitary gland

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52
Q

Fight or Flight-
What is the fourth step to the fight or flight response?

A

Sympathetic branch of the ANS is activated which causes the body to change from resting state but not active state

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53
Q

Fight or Flight-
What is the fifth step in the fight or fight response?

A

Adrenal medulla (part of the adrenal gland) releases adrenaline

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54
Q

Fight or Flight-
What is the sixth step of the fight or flight response?

A

Physiological changes to the body occur to deal with the stressor

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55
Q

Fight or Flight-
What are some of the changes the body goes through?

A

Increased breathing, increased heart rate, pupil dilation, sweat production and reduction of non essential functions

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56
Q

L of F-
What does the frontal lobe control?

A

Reasoning, motor control, emotions, and language

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57
Q

L of F-
What is the function of the perineal lobe?

A

Integrates information form the bodies senses to make a full picture

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58
Q

L of F-
What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Interpretation of incoming visual information

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59
Q

L of F-
What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

Language, memory acquisition, face recognition, object recognition, perception, and processing auditory information

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60
Q

L of F-
Where is the motor cortex found?

A

The back of the frontal lobe

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61
Q

L of F-
What odes the motor cortex control?

A

Voluntary movement

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62
Q

L of F-
Where is the somatosensory cortex found?

A

The front of the perineal lobe

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63
Q

L of F-
What is the function of the somatosensory cortex?

A

Processes sensory information

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64
Q

L of F-
Where is the visual cortex found?

A

Found in the occipital lobe

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65
Q

L of F-
What is the function of the visual cortex?

A

Visual information for each eye is sent to the visual cortex

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66
Q

L of F-
Where is the auditory cortex found?

A

Found in the temporal lobes

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67
Q

L of F-
What is the function of the auditory cortex?

A

Processes speech and sound information

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68
Q

L of F- Language centres-
Which hemisphere are they located in?

A

The left hemisphere

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69
Q

L of F- Language centres-
What does Broca’s area manage?

A

The production of language

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70
Q

L of F- Language centres-
What does Wernicke’s area manage?

A

The understanding of language

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71
Q

L of F- Language centres-
What is Brocas aphasia?

A

You can understand language but not produce speech

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72
Q

L of F- Language centres-
What is werickes aphasia?

A

Normal production of language with an impaired understanding of language

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73
Q

L of F- Phineas Gage-
How was Gage injuried?

A

A metal part of a railway track he was building was imaged through his left eye and out his head (took most of his frontal lobe)

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74
Q

L of F- Phineas Gage-
What happened to his personality?

A

Went from calm and reserved to quick tempered and rude

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75
Q

L of F- Phineas Gage-
What does Gages personality change suggest about localisation?

A

The frontal lobe is responsible for temperament

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76
Q

L of F- Phineas Gage-
What year was Gage observed?

A

1848, aged 25

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77
Q

HL-
What does lateralisation mean?

A

Only located in one area

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78
Q

HL-
What is an example of heliospheric lateralisation?

A

Language is lateralised to the left hemisphere

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79
Q

HL-
What things are not lateralised?

A

Motor functions, visual processing and somatosensory functions

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80
Q

HL- SB-
What does split brain refer to?

A

Corpus colostomy

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81
Q

HL- SB-
What is corpus colostomy?

A

Severing the corpus coliseum so the two hemispheres cannot communicate

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82
Q

HL- SB-
What can corpus colostomy be used to treat?

A

Epilepsy

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83
Q

HL- SB- WJ-
Who conducted the case study on WJ?

A

Sperry and Gazzaniga

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84
Q

HL- SB- WJ-
What was the procedure?

A

Stimulus was flashed in each visual field and he was asked what he saw

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85
Q

HL- SB- WJ-
What were the findings?

A

RVF (LH) he could say what he saw
LVF (RH) could not say what he saw
The right hemisphere noticed the stimuli but couldn’t communicate with the left to say what it was, however he could draw what it was with his left hand

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86
Q

P + FR-
What is plasticity?

A

Brain is capable of changing during our lives

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87
Q

P + FR-
What aged child has double the amount of synapses adults have?

A

2-3 year old

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88
Q

P + FR-
What is synaptic pruning?

A

When unused pathways are cancelled and more frequently used ones become stronger

89
Q

P + FR- Maguire-
What study done by Maguire shows this in progress?

A

Bus driver vs taxi driver

90
Q

P + FR- Bogdan + Drogansk-
What was this study?

A

Brain images were taken of students 3 months before an exam and 3 months after

91
Q

P + FR- Bogdan + Drogansk-
What were the findings?

A

Learning induced changes in the brain

92
Q

P + FR- FR-
What is functional recovery?

A

Following injury or trauma we are able to adapt and compensate for the damaged areas

93
Q

P + FR- FR-
What is functional recovery an example of?

A

Neural plasticity

94
Q

P + FR- FR-
When does functional recovery occur?

A

Quickly after trauma, and then slows down after several weeks or months

95
Q

P + FR- FR-
What may patients require along with functional recovery?

A

Rehabilitation the-reply

96
Q

P + FR- FR-
What happens during functional recovery?

A

The brain is able to rewrite and reorganise itself by forming new synaptic connections

97
Q

P + FR- FR-
What can functional recovery be compared to?

A

Taking a different route on the way to a destination to avoid roadworks

98
Q

P + FR- FR-
What are the three structural changes in the brain?

A

Atonal sprouting, denervation supersensitivity, recruitment of homologous

99
Q

P + FR- FR-
What is atonal sprouting?

A

The growth of new nerve endings, which connect with other undamaged nerve cells to form neural pathways

100
Q

P + FR- FR-
What is denervation super sensitivity?

A

This occurs when axons that do similar jobs become aroused to a higher level to compensate for the ones that are lost, can have a negative consequence of over sensitivity

101
Q

P + FR- FR-
What is recruitment of homologous?

A

Similar ares on opposite sides of the brain. Meaning specific tasks can still be performed.

102
Q

P + FR- FR-
What is an example of recruitment of homologous?

A

Is Broca’s area was damaged, the equivalent part of the brain in the right hemisphere would take over

103
Q

Ways of studying the brain- fMRI-
What does fMRI stand for?

A

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

104
Q

Ways of studying the brain- fMRI-
How does an fMRI work?

A

Detecting the changes in blood oxygenation and flow.

105
Q

Ways of studying the brain- fMRI-
What does fMRI produce?

A

Three dimensional images

106
Q

Ways of studying the brain- fMRI-
What does fMRI help us understand?

A

Localisation of function

107
Q

Ways of studying the brain- EEG-
What does EEG stand for?

A

Electroencephalogram

108
Q

Ways of studying the brain- EEG-
What is the function of an EEG?

A

Measures electrical activity within the brain via electrodes

109
Q

Ways of studying the brain- EEG-
Where are the electrodes fixed to?

A

Fixed to a skull cap is fixed to an individuals scalp

110
Q

Ways of studying the brain- EEG-
What does the scan recording represent?

A

Generation from the actions of thousands of neurons

111
Q

Ways of studying the brain- EEG-
What do EEGs show?

A

Overall account of brain activity

112
Q

Ways of studying the brain- EEG-
What is arrhythmic patterns of activity?

A

No particular rhythm

113
Q

Ways of studying the brain- EEG-
What does arrhythmic patterns of activity indicate?

A

Neurological abnormalities (epilepsy, tumours, or some sleep disorders)

114
Q

Ways of studying the brain- ERP-
What is an ERP?

A

Event related potentials

115
Q

Ways of studying the brain- ERP-
What are ERPs?

A

Types of brain waves a that are triggered by certain event s

116
Q

Ways of studying the brain- ERP-
How do we get ERPs?

A

Through EEGs

117
Q

Ways of studying the brain- ERP-
How do neuroscientists remove extraneous variables?

A

Using a statistical averaging technique

118
Q

Ways of studying the brain- post Morton examinations-
What is a post-mortem examination?

A

The analysis of a persons brain after they have passed away

119
Q

Ways of studying the brain- post-mortem examinations-
What are individuals likely to have is they get one?

A

A rare disorder and have experiences rare deficits in cognitive or behavioural processes

120
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR-
What do biological rhythms affect?

A

The way our bodily systems behave

121
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR-
What two things are our biological rhythms governed by?

A
  • internal biological clock
  • external changes in the environment
122
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR-
What is our internal clock also known as?

A

Endogenous pacemaker

123
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR-
What is changes to our environment known as?

A

Exogenous zeirgebers

124
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR-
What are the rhythms that occur multiple rimes during the day?

A

Ultradian rhythms

125
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR-
What are rhythms called that take more than a day to complete?

A

Infradian rhythms

126
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR-
What are rhythms that take much longer than a day to complete?

A

Cir annual rhythms

127
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR-
What are circadian rhythms?

A

Rhythms that last around 24 hours

128
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR-
What is an example of a circadian rhythm?

A

Sleep/wake cycle or body temperature cycle

129
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- S/W Cycle-
What is the exogenous zeitgeber associated with the sleep wale cycle?

A

Light

130
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- S/W Cycle-
What is the biological clock that also governs the sleep/wake cycle known as?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

131
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- S/W Cycle-
Where can we find the SCN?

A

Just above the optic chasm

132
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- S/W Cycle-
What is the function of the optic chasm?

A

Provides information from the eye about light

133
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- S/W Cycle-
What resorts the SCN?

A

Light (exogenous zeirgebers)

134
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- S/W Cycle-
What questions do researchers aim to answer?

A

Without the external stimulus of light, do we still fall asleep and wake up at similar times?

135
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- Siffes cave study-
What is Siffe?

A

A self styled caveman

136
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- Siffes cave study-
What did siffe aim to study?

A

His own biological rhythms

137
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- Siffes cave study-
What was he deprived of in the cave?

A

Natural sound and light

138
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- Siffes cave study-
Where did his first experiment take place?

A

Southern alps

139
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- Siffes cave study-
When did siffe think he resurfaced vs when he actually resurfaced?

A

Though he resurfaced mid august, but resurfaced mid September

140
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- Siffes cave study-
How many years after the first study did siffe repeat the study?

A

10 years

141
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- Siffes cave study-
How long did the second study take?

A

6 months

142
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- Siffes cave study-
Where was the second study conducted?

A

In a Texan cave

143
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- Siffes cave study-
What was found about the ‘free running’ biological rhythm?

A

It settled to around 25 hours, and fell asleep and woke up on a regular schedule

144
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- Aschoff and Wever-
How long were the pps deprived of natural light?

A

4 weeks

145
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- Aschoff and Wever-
Where was the study conducted?

A

A WW2 bunker

146
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- Aschoff and Wever-
How many outliers were there?

A

One

147
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- Aschoff and Wever-
What was the outliers circadian rhythm?

A

29 hours

148
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- Aschoff and Wever-
What was the circadian rhythm of all of the other pps?

A

Between 24 and 25 hours

149
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- Aschoff and Wever-
What does the bunker experiment and siffes experiment suggest?

A

Our ‘natural’ sleep/wake cycle may be slightly longer than 24 hours

150
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- Aschoff and Wever-
What do psychologists believe changes out sleep/wake cycle to 24 hours?

A

Number of daylight hours, typical mealtimes etc

151
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR-Folkard-
How many people were involved in the study?

A

12

152
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR-Folkard-
How long did the pps live in a cave?

A

Three weeks

153
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR-Folkard-
What time were the pps forced to go to bed?

A

11.45 pm

154
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR-Folkard-
What time were the pps forced to wake up?

A

7.45 am

155
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR-Folkard-
What did Folkard end up shortening the day to?

A

22 hour day

156
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR-Folkard-
How many of the a12 pps were able to comfortably adjust to the new cycle?

A

1

157
Q

Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR-Folkard-
What does this experiment suggest?

A

The existence of a strong free-running circadian rhythm that cannot be over-ridden by exogenous zeirgebers

158
Q

Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- MC-
What is an example of an infradian rhythm?

A

Menstrual cycle

159
Q

Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- MC-
When does the menstrual cycle refer too?

A

The first day of the period to the day before the next period starts

160
Q

Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- MC-
What hormone leads to the releasing of the egg?

A

Oestrogen

161
Q

Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- MC-
What is the function of progesterone?

A

To make the womb lining grow thicker

162
Q

Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- MC-
What happens is pregnancy does not occur?

A

Egg is absorbed into the body, the womb lining comes away

163
Q

Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- MC- Stern and McClintock-
How many women were involved in the study?

A

29

164
Q

Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- MC- Stern and McClintock-
What did all the women have a history of?

A

Irregular periods

165
Q

Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- MC- Stern and McClintock-
How many women were pheromones gathered form?

A

9

166
Q

Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- MC- Stern and McClintock-
How were the pheromones gathered?

A

Cotton pad in their armpit for at least 8 hours

167
Q

Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- MC- Stern and McClintock-
When the cotton pads were removed how were they treated?

A

They were treated with alcohol and then frozen

168
Q

Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- MC- Stern and McClintock-
What part of the women were the pads rubbed on?

A

Their upper lip

169
Q

Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- MC- Stern and McClintock-
How was it decided what cotton pads would be rubbed on what day?

A

On day one of the study, day one of the ‘odour donors’ cycle, day two= day two of ‘odour donors’ cycle etc

170
Q

Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- MC- Stern and McClintock-
What were the findings?

A

68% of the women experienced changes to their cycle, which bought them closer to the cycle of the ‘odour donor’

171
Q

Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- SAD-
What does SAD stand for?

A

Seasonal affective disorder

172
Q

Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- SAD-
What is SAD?

A

A depressive disorder with a seasonal pattern

173
Q

Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- SAD-
What are the symptoms of SAD?

A

Persistent low-mood, general lack of activity and interest in life

174
Q

Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- SAD-
What type of rhythm is SAD?

A

A particular type of Infradian rhythm called circanual rhythm (as it has a yearly cycle)

175
Q

Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- SAD-
Why can it be classed as a circadian rhythm?

A

May be due to a disruption in our sleep wake cycle, (prolonged daily darkness in winter)

176
Q

Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- SAD-
What was hypothesised about SAD?

A

At night the pineal gland secretes melatonin until dawn when there is an increase in light, in winter the lack of light in the morning means this secretion process continues for longer, knock on effect to produce serotonin, which is linked to depressive symptoms

177
Q

Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-UR-
What is the most researched ultradian rhythm?

A

Stages of sleep

178
Q

Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-UR-
How many stages are there in sleep?

A

5

179
Q

Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-UR-
How long do the stages last overall?

A

90 mins

180
Q

Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-UR-
What is each stage characterised by?

A

A different level of brainwave activity

181
Q

Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-UR-
What are stages 1 and 2?

A

Light sleep, where someone is easily woken,

182
Q

Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-UR-
What are the brain waves like in stage one?

A

High frequency and short aptitude,

183
Q

Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-UR-
What are the waves in stage one known as?

A

Alpha waves

184
Q

Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-UR-
What occurs in stage two?

A

Alpha waves continue, but are occasionally interrupted by changes in pattern,

185
Q

Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-UR-
What are the changes in wave pattern known as?

A

Sleep spindles

186
Q

Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-UR-
What is stages 3 and 4?

A

Deep sleep

187
Q

Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-UR-
What does SWS mean to when Ealing about stages 3 and 4?

A

Slow wave sleep

188
Q

Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-UR-
What kind of brain waves are present in stages 3 and 4?

A

Delta waves, lower frequency and higher amplitude

189
Q

Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-UR-
Is it easy or difficult to wake someone up from sleep at stages 3 and 4?

A

Difficult

190
Q

Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-UR-
What is stage 5?

A

REM sleep, the body is paralysed, but brain activity closely resembles that of when we are awake

191
Q

Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-UR-
What brain waves are profiled in stage 5?

A

Theta waves

192
Q

Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-UR-
What does REM stand for?

A

Rapid eye movement

193
Q

Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-UR-
What mental processes mostly occur in stage 5?

A

Dreams

194
Q

Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers- SCN-
What is the SCN and where is it located?

A

A bundle of nerve cells, located in the hypothalamus in each hemisphere

195
Q

Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers- SCN-
Is the SCN a primary endogenous pacemaker?

A

Yes

196
Q

Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers- SCN-
What does the SCN help to maintain?

A

The circadian rhythms

197
Q

Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers- SCN and animal studies- Decoursey-
What animals were used and how many?

A

30 chipmunks

198
Q

Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers- SCN and animal studies- Decoursey-
What was done to these animals?

A

Their SCN connections were destroyed

199
Q

Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers- SCN and animal studies- Decoursey-
How long were they observed for?

A

80 days

200
Q

Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers- SCN and animal studies- Decoursey-
What happened to the chipmunks?

A

Their sleep wale cycle disappeared,

201
Q

Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers- SCN and animal studies- Decoursey-
What did the lack of sleep/wake cycle cause?

A

Majority of them were killed by predators

202
Q

Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers- SCN and animal studies- Ralph-
What did Ralph breed?

A

Mutant hamsters

203
Q

Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers- SCN and animal studies- Ralph-
What was mutant about these hamsters?

A

They had a 20 hour sleep/wake cycle

204
Q

Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers- SCN and animal studies- Ralph-
What happened when SCN cells from the foetal tissue was transplanted into the brains of normal hamster?

A

They developed a 20 hour sleep/wake cycle

205
Q

Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers- pineal gland and melatonin-
Where does the SCN pass information about the day length and light?

A

Pineal gland

206
Q

Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers- pineal gland and melatonin-
Where is the pineal gland located?

A

Just behind the hypothalamus,

207
Q

Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers- pineal gland and melatonin-
Is the pineal gland a endogenous mechanism?

A

Yes

208
Q

Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers- pineal gland and melatonin-
What is the function of the pineal gland?

A

Produces melatonin while asleep

209
Q

Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers-EZ- light-
What can light reset?

A

The bodies main endogenous pacemaker,

210
Q

Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers-EZ- light-
What does light have an indirect affect on?

A

Hormone secretion and blood circulation

211
Q

Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers-EZ- light- Campbell and Murphy-
What did they determine?

A

Light can be detected by skin receptor sites,

212
Q

Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers-EZ- light- Campbell and Murphy-
How many pps were used?

A

15

213
Q

Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers-EZ- light- Campbell and Murphy-
What was the procedure?

A

Light was shone on the back of the knees

214
Q

Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers-EZ- light- Campbell and Murphy-
What were teh findings?

A

Pps work up before they usually would (up to three hours)

215
Q

Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers-EZ- social cues-
What is babies initial sleep/wake cycle?

A

Random

216
Q

Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers-EZ- social cues-
What are to the babies circadian rhythms begin?

A

6 weeks

217
Q

Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers-EZ- social cues-
What age are the babies circadian rhythms entrained?

A

16 weeks

218
Q

Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers-EZ- social cues-
What was found out about jet lag?

A

Adjusting for local times of eating and sleeping is a successful way of entraining circadian rhythms

Psychology: Paper 2 (3 decks)

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