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Psychology: Paper 2 > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

History of psychology-
What year did William Wundt open the first psychology lab?

A

1879

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2
Q

History of psychology-
Who developed ideas on the unconscious mins? And when?

A

Sigmund Freud, in 1900

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3
Q

History of psychology-
Who created the cognitive approach? When?

A

Watson and Skinner, 1913

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4
Q

History if psychology-
Who created the humanistic approach? When?

A

Rodgers and Moscow, in the 1950s

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5
Q

History of psychology-
Who introduced the social learning theory? When?

A

Bandura, 1960

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6
Q

History of psychology-
When was the biological approach formed?

A

In the 1980s

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7
Q

History of psychology-
When were the biological and cognitive approaches linked?

A

20th century

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8
Q

History of psychology- William Wundt-
What is subjectivity?

A

A researchers views, values or beliefs effect the results (biased)

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9
Q

History of psychology- William wundt-
What is objectivity?

A

Not biased- when data is based on empirical methods

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10
Q

History of psychology- William Wundt-
What does it mean by systematic?

A
  • praised fro high control
  • all colleagues had the same instructions
  • this level of control is structuralism
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11
Q

History of psychology-
What is a science?

A

Developing knowledge and understanding through systematic and objective study in order to develop general law

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12
Q

History of psychology-
When did behaviourist approach emerge and what are the factors?

A

1900s
Only believes in the use of controlled lab studies to develop laws on behaviour,
Questions wundts development of introspection as being too subjective,
Control = science

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13
Q

History of psychology-
When was the cognitive approach introduced and what were the factors?

A

1950s
Linked the computer yo the mind.
Used technology as a controlled way for their predictions

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14
Q

History of psychology-
When was the biological approach a introduced and what were the key features?

A

1980s
Further development on technology meant that even more control can be used by biopsychologists

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15
Q

Behaviours it approach-
Who put this approach forward? What year?

A

Watson in 1931

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16
Q

Behaviourist approach-
What did Watson argue?

A
  • wundts introspection as to vague and subjective
  • only directly observable behaviours should be studied
  • this should be done through controlled and objective methods
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17
Q

Behaviourist approach-
What does the behaviourist approach argue?

A

Behaviour is learnt through classical and operant conditioning

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18
Q

Behaviourist approach-
What is a babies mind compared to?

A

A black slate

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19
Q

Behaviourist approach- classical conditioning-
What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning through association

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20
Q

Behaviourist approach- classical conditioning-
What is an unconditioned stimulus?

A

A thing that naturally causes the unconditioned response

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21
Q

Behaviourist approach- classical conditioning-
What is an unconditioned response?

A

I natural response to the unconditioned stimulus

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22
Q

Behaviourist approach- classical conditioning-
What is the neutral stimulus?

A

A thing that doesn’t naturally produce the unconditioned response

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23
Q

Behaviourist approach- classical conditioning-
What is a conditioned stimulus?

A

Once the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are paired together then the natural stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus

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24
Q

Behaviourist approach- classical conditioning-
What is a conditioned response?

A

The learnt response to the conditioned stimulus

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25
Q

Behaviourist approach- operant conditioning-
What is operant conditioning?

A

Learning through consequence

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26
Q

Behaviourist approach- operant conditioning-
What is positive reinforcement?

A

A positive outcome following a desired behaviour

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27
Q

Behaviourist approach- operant conditioning-
What is negative reinforcement?

A

A removal of something negative when the desired behaviour is shown

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28
Q

Behaviourist approach- operant conditioning-
What is punishment?

A

The addition of something negative following a behaviour that is not desired

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29
Q

Social learning theory-
What parts of the social learning theory agrees with the behaviourist approach?

A

We learn through environment

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30
Q

Social learning theory-
What is the other method of learning that he social learning theory suggests?

A

Learning through observation

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31
Q

Social learning theory-
What is vicarious reinforcement?

A

We look to see how our role models behaviour is reviewed before we imitate

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32
Q

Social learning theory-
What is identification?

A

Likely to choose similar role models who share similar characteristics, or have something we desire (typically status)

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33
Q

Social learning theory- role of the meditational process-
What are the four steps?

A

Attention, retention, motor reproduction, motivation

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34
Q

Social learning theory- the role of them educational process-
What is meant by attention?

A

If we don’t notice the behaviour we cannot imitate

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35
Q

social learning theory- the role of the meditational process-
What is meant by retention?

A

If we don’t remember what we have seen we won’t initiate

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36
Q

Social learning theory- the role of the mediational process-
What is meant by motor reproduction?

A

If we don’t have the physical ability to copy the behaviour then we cannot imitate

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37
Q

Social learning theory- the role of the meditational process-
What is meant by motivation?

A

If we are not willing to perform the behaviour we will not imitate

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38
Q

Social learning theory-
What does this approach link together?

A

The learning approaches to the cognitive approach

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39
Q

Biological approach-
What does the biological approach suggest about the brain?

A

That it contains the mind

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40
Q

Biological approach- genetics-
What does the biological approach believe about behaviour?

A

That it is inherited through genetics

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41
Q

Biological approach- genetics-
What are the two types of twins and how much DNA do they share?

A

Monozygotic (share 100% )(identical twins)
Dizygotic twins (share 50%)(fraternal twins)

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42
Q

Biological approach- genetics-
What is it called when Mz twins hare the same behaviours/ characteristics?

A

Concordat

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43
Q

Biological approach- genetics-
What is concordance?

A

The extent to which one twin expresses the same behaviour/characteristics as the other twin

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44
Q

Biological approach- genetics-
What is a genotype?

A

All inherited information (our gene makeup) not all information is physically noticeable

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45
Q

Biological approach- genetics-
What is a phenotype?

A

The expression of our genes

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46
Q

Biological approach- biological structures-
Who investigated into where CD is located in the brain? What year?

A

Rauch (1994)

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47
Q

Biological approach- neurochemistry-
What do neurochemicals do?

A

Travel across synapses

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48
Q

Biological approach- neurochemistry-
What does an imbalance of neurochemicals cause?

A

Issues in functioning

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49
Q

Biological approach- neurochemistry-
What do high levels of dopamine cause?

A

Schizophrenia

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50
Q

Biological approach- neurochemistry-
What do low levels of serotonin cause?

A

OCD

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51
Q

Biological approach- evolution and behaviour-
How does survival of the fittest work?

A

Traits that aided survival were passed on

52
Q

Biological approach- evolution and behaviour-
What are some examples of current behaviours that would have aided survival?

A
  • women have a sweet tooth,
  • men prefer to sleep closer to the door
  • men have better special skills
  • women are better at expressing themselves
  • men are more likely to be promiscuous
  • bitter foods are less popular
53
Q

Cognitive approach-
When did it become popular?

A

In the 1950s (because computers were developing)

54
Q

The cognitive approach-
What does the cognitive approach take into account that the behaviourist approach doesn’t?

A

Mental processes

55
Q

The cognitive approach-
What is an inference?

A

Going beyond the evidence presented to make assumptions about mental processes that cannot be directly observed

56
Q

The cognitive approach-
What do cognitive psychologists study?

A

Mental processes. Such as: reasoning, perception, meme or y and language

57
Q

Cognitive approach-
What is a schema?

A

A pocket of information, that helps us to organise and interpret information, based on past experiences

58
Q

Cognitive approach- schemas-
What schemas are babies born with?

A

Grasping and sucking

59
Q

Cognitive approach- schemas-
What causes schemas to develop an evolve?

A

Experiences

60
Q

Cognitive approach- theoretical model-
What is the theoretical model?

A

It represents teh steps involved in the internal mental processes

61
Q

Cognitive approach- theoretical model-
Is the theoretical model abstract or an actual process?

A

Abstract

62
Q

Cognitive approach- computer model-
What represents the brain in this model?

A

The CPU

63
Q

Cognitive approach- computer model-
What is the equivalent to the input in our brains?

A

Stimuli from the environment, via senses

64
Q

Cognitive approach- computer model-
What is equivalent to processing i n humans?

A

Info is encoded and processed

65
Q

Cognitive approach- computer. Model-
What is the output equivalent to in humans?

A

Observable behaviour

66
Q

Cognitive approach-
Id the computer more or less concrete than the theoretical model?

A

More

67
Q

Cognitive approach- cognitive neuroscience-
What is cognitive neuroscience?

A

Uses technology to identify brain structures/ neurochemical responses to certain behaviours

68
Q

Cognitive approach- cognitive neuroscience-
What is a PET scan?

A
  • radioactive substance is injected
  • it is traced to see which parts of the brain are active when completing certain activities
69
Q

Cognitive approach- cognitive neuroscience-
What is an EEG?

A
  • sensors on a cap work by measuring the brain activity and categorising then in ti different frequencies
70
Q

Cognitive approach- cognitive neuroscience-
What is am MRI?

A
  • patient lies in a tube which contains magnets where radio waves are used to provide an image of the brain
71
Q

Cognitive approach-
What is the Turing test?

A

A test given to computers to see if they are human

72
Q

Psychodynamic approach-
What did Freud compare the mind to?

A

An iceberg

73
Q

Psychodynamic approach-
What is the tip of the iceberg coamred to?

A

Conscious mind

74
Q

Psychodynamic approach-
What odes the middle of the iceberg refer to?

A

The preconscious mind

75
Q

Psychodynamic approach-
What is the bottom of the iceberg symbolising?

A

The unconscious mind

76
Q

Psychodynamic approach-
What does the conscious mind contain?

A

Everything we are currently aware of

77
Q

Psychodynamic approach-
What does the preconscious mind contain?

A

Contains things that are not currently running through our mind but we can easily access

78
Q

Psychodynamic approach-
What does the unconscious mind contain?

A

Characteristics that make us uncomfortable when thinking about, so we suppress them (largest part of the mind)

79
Q

Psychodynamic approach-
What are two things that are located in the conscious mind?

A

Thoughts, and perceptions

80
Q

Psychodynamic approach-
What is in the preconscious mind?

A

Memories, knowledge

81
Q

Psychodynamic approach-
What is found in the unconscious memory?

A

Fears, irrational wishes, selfish needs, unaccepted sexual desires, some memories, violent motives, shameful experiences, and immoral urges

82
Q

Psychodynamic approach- structure of the personality-
What is the ID?

A

The primitive part of the personality

83
Q

Psychodynamic approach- structure of the personality-
What is the EGO?

A

Rational part of the personality

84
Q

Psychodynamic approach- structure of the personality-
What is the SUPEREGO?

A

The moral compass

85
Q

Psychodynamic approach- structure of the personality-
Which part of the personality is the first part to develop?

A

The ID

86
Q

Psychodynamic approach- structure of the personality-
What odes it mean if you have a dominant ID?

A

Very selfish and uncaring, risky and permanent/dangerous behaviours

87
Q

Psychodynamic approach- structure of the personality-
What are the IDs two primal drives?

A

Eros (life), Thanatos (death)

88
Q

Psychodynamic approach- structure of the personality-
When does the EGO develop?

A

At 18 months

89
Q

Psychodynamic approach- structure of the personality-
What does it mean to have a dominant EGO?

A

Seen as boring efficient and rational

90
Q

Psychodynamic approach- structure of the personality-
Which parts of the mind is the EGO located in?

A

All three

91
Q

Psychodynamic approach- structure of the personality-
Which part of the mind is the SUPEREGO located in?

A

Conscious and preconscious mind

92
Q

Psychodynamic approach- structure of the personality-
What features do people with a prominent SUPEREGO have?

A

Critical with perfectionist tendencies

93
Q

Psychodynamic approach- structure of the personality-
When dies the SUPEREGO develop?

A

Between the ages of 3 to 6

94
Q

Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
When does the ORAL stage occur?

A

0 to 18 months

95
Q

Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
When does the ANAL stage occur?

A

18 months to 3 years

96
Q

Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
When does the PHALLIC stage occur?

A

3 to 5 years

97
Q

Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
When does the LATENCY stage occur?

A

5 to 11 years

98
Q

Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
When does the GENITAL stage occur?

A

Puberty onwards

99
Q

Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
What is the ORAL stage?

A

Pleasure gained from sucking activities

100
Q

Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
What is an oral aggressive personality?

A

When the child is under-stimulated,

101
Q

Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
What does an oral aggressive personality cause?

A

Smokes, aggressive, trust issues

102
Q

Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
What is an oral receptive personality?

A

When we are over- stimulated

103
Q

Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
What are the effects of an oral receptive personality?

A

Too trusting, overly co-dependant

104
Q

Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
What is the ANAL stage?

A

Pleasure gained from bowel control

105
Q

Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
What does it mean to have a an anally retentive personality?

A

You were punished for not having the control as a child

106
Q

Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
What does an anally retentive personality cause?

A

Perfectionist

107
Q

Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
What does it mean if you have an anally expulsive personality?

A

Potty training was relaxed as a child

108
Q

Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
What does an anally expulsive personality cause?

A

Disorganised

109
Q

Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
What is the PHALLIC stage?

A

Pleasure gained from genitals and Oedipal complex

110
Q

Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
What do issues in identifying with the same sex parent cause?

A

Gender role issues or homosexuality

111
Q

Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
What happens in the LATENCY stage?

A

Nothing. Fixations cannot happen here

112
Q

Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
What happens in the GENITAL stage?

A

Pleasure gained form heterosexual relationships

113
Q

Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
What did Frued believe in this stage?

A

Fixation was healthy here, and any fixation developed in other stages would be shown here

114
Q

Psychodynamic approach-
What is the Oedipal complex?

A

Suggests in the phallic stage that boys want to possess their mothers and want to rid themselves if their father

115
Q

Psychodynamic approach-
What is castration anxiety?

A

Young boys worry about their fathers finding out about their love for the mother and develop a fear that their father will cut off their penis

116
Q

Psychodynamic approach-
What is the Electra complex?

A

The desire of young girls to have a penis

117
Q

Psychodynamic approach-
What did Freud think about the Electra complex?

A

He rejected this, he did not believe it was a good replacement for castration anxiety

118
Q

Psychodynamic approach- defence mechanism-
What are defence mechanisms?

A

Strategies used by the EGO to protect us from situations that cause anxiety

119
Q

Psychodynamic approach- defence mechanism-
What is repression?

A

An act of burying information in the unconscious mind as it is too traumatic

120
Q

Psychodynamic approach- defence mechanism-
What is denial?

A

Not facing up to their problems and pretending it isn’t happening

121
Q

Psychodynamic approach- defence mechanism-
What is displacement?

A

Unable to ex[press our feelings to the person causing us stress so we take out our feelings on another

122
Q

Humanistic approach-
When did it become popular?

A

The 1950s

123
Q

Humanistic approach-
What is it the only approach to consider?

A

Free will

124
Q

Humanistic approach-
What does the approach believe?

A

That we are motivated to be our best and and we have the inner power to reach our full potential

125
Q

Humanistic approach- Moscow-
What did Moscow believe?

A
  • we have free will
  • we have control of our identity/destiny
  • we have a choice of how we act
  • we overcome hurdles through self determination
126
Q

Humanistic approach-
What is self determination?

A

Working towards our full potential

Psychology: Paper 2 (3 decks)

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