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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Petrosal Bulla

A

distinguishes all primates from other mammals (hard encasing of the inner ear)

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2
Q

Primates increased reliance on

A

vision
Forward facing eyes
Post orbital bar

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3
Q

Two types of vision

A

Binocular vision - Overlapping fields of view throughout most of our visual range
Stereoscopic vision - Allows for depth perception.

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4
Q

Primates see diff colors

A

Monochromatic = black and white
Dichromatic = blues and greens
Trichromatic = red, greens, blues ** Apes have this vision

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5
Q

Primates have decreased reliance on …

A

smell
SO:
Reduction of snout length
Change in nasal structures of skulls, especially in haplorrhines

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6
Q

They have an increased … size

A

brain size
Larger proportions of the brain are devoted to cognition, memory, association, etc

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7
Q

Primates body

A

Pentadactyly (5 digits)
Clavicle – bony bridge to the shoulder
They can grasp
They have opposable thumbs
Flat nails instead of claws

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8
Q

heterodonty

A

Primates have less specialized teeth

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9
Q

They have an extended…

A

Life history
Longer childhoods, longer intervals between births, etc

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10
Q

Longer life history results in….

A

social living, close tight bonds with each other

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11
Q

Subgroups of primates

A

Strepsirrhini and Haplorrhini

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12
Q

Strepsirrhines: Found in

A

Southeast Asia and Africa

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13
Q

Strepsirrhines: Traits

A

Earliest divergence from an ancestor
Sense of smell is well-developed
Mostly nocturnal
Lack of trichromatic vision
Postorbital bar

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14
Q

Strepsirrhines: Teeth and body

A

Tooth comb
Grooming claw
Lower jaw mandible, not fused at midline

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15
Q

Strepsirrhines: Behaviors

A

Diverse diet and locomotor behaviors
Mostly small groups or solitary

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16
Q

Haplorrhines: Found in:

A

Central and South America, Africa, Asia, Europe

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17
Q

Haplorrhines: Traits:

A

Larger relative brain size
Longer gestation and maturation
Increased social complexity

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18
Q

Haplorrhines: vision

A

Increased reliance on vision, decreased reliance on smell
Trichromatic vision in many

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19
Q

Haplorrhines: Body

A

Mandible is fused
Lack the tapetum lucidum, rhinarium
most are diurnal
trichromatic vision
full postorbital closure

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20
Q

Haplorrhines: Platyrrhine

A

Monkeys in Central & South America

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21
Q

Haplorrhines: Catarrhine

A

Monkeys in Africa & Asia and the Apes

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22
Q

Arboreal

A

live in trees
Usually smaller-bodied
Usually less sexual dimorphism

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23
Q

Terrestrial

A

live on the ground
Usually larger-bodied
Usually more sexual dimorphism (males larger than females) and more male aggression
Typically, males leave birth groups; females are core of social groups

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24
Q

Haplorrhines: MONKEYS: General body type:

A

Arms and legs roughly same length
Lack orthograde (upright) posture: arms and legs roughly parallel to each other
All are diurnal

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25
Q

Haplorrhines: Platyrrhines General traits:

A

Flat nosed
Teeth formula - 3 premolars
Lack of trichromatic vision
Frugivores (eat fruit) and folivores (eat leaves)
Arboreal
Diurnal
Some with prehensile tails

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26
Q

Haplorrhines: Catarrhines General traits:

A

Sharp nosed
Non prehensile tails
Teeth formula - 2 premolars
All have trichromatic vision
Have ischial callosites

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27
Q

Haplorrhines: Catarrhines MONKEY

A

Aboreal AND terrestrial
Frugivores and folivores
Large bodies
Highly sexually dimorphic

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28
Q

Haplorrhines: Catarrhine Apes are…

A

Hominoid apes

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29
Q

Hominoid apes General traits

A

Larger body size
No tails
Enlarged brain and enhanced cognitive capacities
Increased period of infant dependency

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30
Q

Hominoid apes characteristics

A

Mostly terrestrial
Adaptations for suspensory locomotion
Long arms, broad chests
Full rotation of shoulder join
brachiation (swinging from the arms) locomotion, hominoid derived
Orthgrade, posture

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31
Q

Types of movement

A

Quadrepedalism
Vertical Clinging and Leaping
Suspensory Locomotion
Brachiation
KnuckleWalking

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32
Q

Quadrepedalism

A

used of four limbs to get around
Shoulder blade positioned to the side of the ribcage, and restrict movement at the shoulder
arboreal species

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33
Q

Vertical Clinging and Leaping

A

Long powerful hindlimbs
Long flexible back
Long fingers for grasping supports when they land

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34
Q

Suspensory Locomotion

A

Short hindlimbs, elongated forelimbs
Mobile shoulder joint
Shoulder blade located on back
Long and curved fingers for grasping branches

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35
Q

Brachiation

A

Specialized form of suspensory locomotion performed by gibbons and siamangs

36
Q

KnuckleWalking

A

Wrist joints stabilized
Form of quadrupedalism practiced by great apes

37
Q

Primate diet components

A

Amino acids and proteins
Fats and oils
Carbohydrates
Vitamins, minerals, and elements

38
Q

Carbohydrates from

A

fruit and gums

39
Q

Fats and oils from

A

animal prey such as insects, also nuts and seeds

40
Q

Protein from

A

insect and animal prey, and young leaves

41
Q

Frugivory)

A

fruit

42
Q

graminivore

A

seeds

43
Q

folivory

A

leaves and stem

44
Q

Gumnivory

A

gum and sap

45
Q

Faunivory

A

animal matter

46
Q

Insectivore

A

insects

47
Q

Resource Defense Model

A

Idea of why primates form groups, in order to defend acess to resources such as food.
Problems: Benefits gained in between-group competition are offset by costs incurred from increased within-group competition for food resources

48
Q

Predator Defense Model

A

Group living evolved as a defense against predators
Grouping may reduce vulnerability to predation
Problems: Predation is very hard to observe
Difficult to establish whether it is clearly linked to group size

49
Q

Solitary

A

Male territory overlaps several females
Polygynous – multiple matings

50
Q

Pair-bonded social systems

A

One adult male and one adult female form a small social group
Monogamous
Males do not invest much energy in courtship or mating
Males invest heavily in their offspring and in maintaining long-term bonds with their mates

51
Q

One male – multi-female group

A

Males actively compete to establish residence in groups of females
Threat of aggression
Infanticide
Male strategy for increasing opportunities to sire offspring
Female choice may also play a role in male reproductive success

52
Q

Infanticide:

A

killing of infants

53
Q

Multimale, Multifemale Groups

A

Males sometimes compete directly with other males in the group for access to receptive females
Male-male competition is mediated through dominance relationships
Female preference can influence male success

54
Q

Fission-Fusion Groups

A

Similar to multimale, multifemale groups
Large home range with smaller groups
Largely a response to resource availability and female reproductive condition
Female dispersal and male philopatry

55
Q

Dispersal

A

typically one of both sexes move to a new group to reproduce

56
Q

Philopatry

A

whether one or both sexes remains in the natal group

57
Q

Reproductive Asymmetry

A

Primate mothers are almost always the primary (if not exclusive) caretakers of offspring

58
Q

Female bonding and dominance

A

Within -group feeding competition influences female relationships

59
Q

Intrasexual Selection

A

Competition among males for access to females favors large body size, large canine teeth, and other traits that enhance male competitive ability

60
Q

Intrasexual: Sperm Competition

A

In multimale-multifemale groups, where females can potentially mate with multiple males, sexual selection favors sperm competition.

61
Q

Inter-sexual Selection

A

In species in which females can choose the partners with which they mate, selection favors traits that make males more attractive to females

62
Q

True fossils

A

Remnants of the organism itself in the form of its hard (i.e. skeleton) or soft (i.e. muscles) tissues

63
Q

Trace fossils

A

Also known as ichnofossils consist of direct evidence that an organism has been at a particular place at a particular time

64
Q

Paleoanthropology

A

The branch of paleontology that studies fossil primates and humans

65
Q

There is bias in the fossil record

A

The fossil record is not a complete record of the history of organisms ever to exist on earth; it is only a sample of the plants and animals that once lived.

66
Q

Dating techniques

A

Relative Dating
Chronometric Dating

67
Q

Chronometric Dating

A

Techniques that estimate the age of a fossil in absolute terms, through the use of a natural‘clock’ such as radioactive decay.

68
Q

Stratigraphy

A

study of rock layers
to establish the relative ages between localities, and between fossils found in these localities.

69
Q

Principle of horizontality

A

Layers are originally parallel to Earth’s gravitational field

70
Q

Principle of Superposition

A

Sedimentary layers are deposited in a time sequence, with the oldest on the bottom and the youngest on the top.

71
Q

geologic timescale

A

Paleocene
Eocene
Oligocene
Miocene
Pliocene
Pleistocene
Holocene

72
Q

Paleocene

A

Petrosal bulla
Grasping big toe
Nail on at least one digit

73
Q

Eocene

A

Orbital convergence & postorbital bar
Grasping hands and feet with nails instead of claws
Relatively larger brains
Shorter snout
Classified into two superfamilies:
Omomyoidea
Adapoidea

74
Q

Oligocene

A

First evidence of anthropoid primates

75
Q

Miocene

A

hominoid apes
Ape ‘Y-5’ molar pattern
Old World Monkey = Bilophodont molars

76
Q

Lithostratigraphy

A

Use characteristics of the rock layers to link sedimentary sequences and establish relative ages across sites.

77
Q

Tephrostratigraphy

A

Using chemical similarities of volcanic ash layers to determine time equivalence across sites

78
Q

Biostratigraphy

A

Using the organisms themselves—esp. index fossils — to establish relative ages across sites.

79
Q

Paleomagnetism:

A

Using changes in the earth’s magnetic polarity to establish age.

80
Q

carbon Isotopes:

A

two or more forms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons differing in their molecular weight.

81
Q

Carbon

A

Three forms of carbon in the atmosphere
Carbon-12 and Carbon-13 natural/stable forms
C-14 is radioactive… prone to decay over

82
Q

Aegyptopithecus

A

(2-1-2-3) dental

83
Q

Apidium

A

happlorhine origins DENTAL formula (comes first 2-1-3-3)

84
Q

Arboreal hypothesis

A

Primate characteristics such as grasping hands and feet, nails, and stereoscopic vision evolved as adaptations to the arboreal lifestyle of early primate ancestors.
Problem: Arboreality alone not a sufficient explanation for the evolution of unique primate traits

85
Q

Visually predation hypothesis

A

Primate visual specializations, and other distinctive primate traits, evolved as adaptations for stalking and grasping insect prey in the terminal branches of trees

86
Q

Angiosperm Exploitation Hypothesis

A

Primates co-evolved with flowering plants, to exploit their products (fruits, flowers, nectar) and the insects that feed on them in a small branch setting
Primates shares similarities in their brain’s visual system with fruit bats
Nocturnal

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