biooooo Flashcards

Question

Haplorrhines: Platyrrhines General traits:

Answer 1

Flat nosed Teeth formula - 3 premolars Lack of trichromatic vision Frugivores (eat fruit) and folivores (eat leaves) Arboreal Diurnal Some with prehensile tails

Answer 2

Sharp nosed Non prehensile tails Teeth formula - 2 premolars All have trichromatic vision Have ischial callosites

Answer 3

Aboreal AND terrestrial Frugivores and folivores Large bodies Highly sexually dimorphic

Answer 4

Hominoid apes

Answer 5

Larger body size No tails Enlarged brain and enhanced cognitive capacities Increased period of infant dependency

Answer 6

Mostly terrestrial Adaptations for suspensory locomotion Long arms, broad chests Full rotation of shoulder join brachiation (swinging from the arms) locomotion, hominoid derived Orthgrade, posture

Answer 7

Quadrepedalism Vertical Clinging and Leaping Suspensory Locomotion Brachiation KnuckleWalking

Answer 8

used of four limbs to get around Shoulder blade positioned to the side of the ribcage, and restrict movement at the shoulder arboreal species

Answer 9

Long powerful hindlimbs Long flexible back Long fingers for grasping supports when they land

Answer 10

Short hindlimbs, elongated forelimbs Mobile shoulder joint Shoulder blade located on back Long and curved fingers for grasping branches

Answer 11

Specialized form of suspensory locomotion performed by gibbons and siamangs

Answer 12

Wrist joints stabilized Form of quadrupedalism practiced by great apes

Answer 13

Amino acids and proteins Fats and oils Carbohydrates Vitamins, minerals, and elements

Answer 14

fruit and gums

Answer 15

animal prey such as insects, also nuts and seeds

Answer 16

insect and animal prey, and young leaves

Answer 17

leaves and stem

Answer 18

gum and sap

Answer 19

animal matter

Answer 20

Idea of why primates form groups, in order to defend acess to resources such as food. Problems: Benefits gained in between-group competition are offset by costs incurred from increased within-group competition for food resources

Answer 21

Group living evolved as a defense against predators Grouping may reduce vulnerability to predation Problems: Predation is very hard to observe Difficult to establish whether it is clearly linked to group size

Answer 22

Male territory overlaps several females Polygynous – multiple matings

Answer 23

One adult male and one adult female form a small social group Monogamous Males do not invest much energy in courtship or mating Males invest heavily in their offspring and in maintaining long-term bonds with their mates

Answer 24

Males actively compete to establish residence in groups of females Threat of aggression Infanticide Male strategy for increasing opportunities to sire offspring Female choice may also play a role in male reproductive success

Answer 25

killing of infants

Answer 26

Males sometimes compete directly with other males in the group for access to receptive females Male-male competition is mediated through dominance relationships Female preference can influence male success

Answer 27

Similar to multimale, multifemale groups Large home range with smaller groups Largely a response to resource availability and female reproductive condition Female dispersal and male philopatry

Answer 28

typically one of both sexes move to a new group to reproduce

Answer 29

whether one or both sexes remains in the natal group

Answer 30

Primate mothers are almost always the primary (if not exclusive) caretakers of offspring

Answer 31

Within -group feeding competition influences female relationships

Answer 32

Competition among males for access to females favors large body size, large canine teeth, and other traits that enhance male competitive ability

Answer 33

In multimale-multifemale groups, where females can potentially mate with multiple males, sexual selection favors sperm competition.

Answer 34

In species in which females can choose the partners with which they mate, selection favors traits that make males more attractive to females

Answer 35

Remnants of the organism itself in the form of its hard (i.e. skeleton) or soft (i.e. muscles) tissues

Answer 36

Also known as ichnofossils consist of direct evidence that an organism has been at a particular place at a particular time

Answer 37

The branch of paleontology that studies fossil primates and humans

Answer 38

The fossil record is not a complete record of the history of organisms ever to exist on earth; it is only a sample of the plants and animals that once lived.

Answer 39

Relative Dating Chronometric Dating

Answer 40

Techniques that estimate the age of a fossil in absolute terms, through the use of a natural‘clock’ such as radioactive decay.

Answer 41

study of rock layers to establish the relative ages between localities, and between fossils found in these localities.

Answer 42

Layers are originally parallel to Earth’s gravitational field

Answer 43

Sedimentary layers are deposited in a time sequence, with the oldest on the bottom and the youngest on the top.

Answer 44

Paleocene Eocene Oligocene Miocene Pliocene Pleistocene Holocene

Answer 45

Petrosal bulla Grasping big toe Nail on at least one digit

Answer 46

Orbital convergence & postorbital bar Grasping hands and feet with nails instead of claws Relatively larger brains Shorter snout Classified into two superfamilies: Omomyoidea Adapoidea

Answer 47

First evidence of anthropoid primates

Answer 48

hominoid apes Ape ‘Y-5’ molar pattern Old World Monkey = Bilophodont molars

Answer 49

Use characteristics of the rock layers to link sedimentary sequences and establish relative ages across sites.

Answer 50

Using chemical similarities of volcanic ash layers to determine time equivalence across sites

Answer 51

Using the organisms themselves—esp. index fossils — to establish relative ages across sites.

Answer 52

Using changes in the earth’s magnetic polarity to establish age.

Answer 53

two or more forms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons differing in their molecular weight.

Answer 54

Three forms of carbon in the atmosphere Carbon-12 and Carbon-13 natural/stable forms C-14 is radioactive… prone to decay over

Answer 55

(2-1-2-3) dental

Answer 56

happlorhine origins DENTAL formula (comes first 2-1-3-3)

Answer 57

Primate characteristics such as grasping hands and feet, nails, and stereoscopic vision evolved as adaptations to the arboreal lifestyle of early primate ancestors. Problem: Arboreality alone not a sufficient explanation for the evolution of unique primate traits

Answer 58

Primate visual specializations, and other distinctive primate traits, evolved as adaptations for stalking and grasping insect prey in the terminal branches of trees

Answer 59

Primates co-evolved with flowering plants, to exploit their products (fruits, flowers, nectar) and the insects that feed on them in a small branch setting Primates shares similarities in their brain’s visual system with fruit bats Nocturnal