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bio pt 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Primates are

A

Mammals

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2
Q

All Primates share

A

The Same characteristics

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3
Q

Kingdom:

A

Animalia – eukaryotes (Contain a nucleus and other organelles)

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4
Q

Phylum

A

Chordata – animal with a notochord (Cartilaginous material that lies from head to tail)

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5
Q

Subphylum:

A

Vertebrata – craniate with a spinal column (Animals with a skull!)

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6
Q

Infraphylum:

A

Gnathostomata – vertebrate with a jaw

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7
Q

Superclass:

A

Tetrapoda — gnathostome with four limbs amphibians, reptiles (incl. birds),
mammals

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8
Q

Clade

A

Amniota – tetrapod with amniotic egg/membrane (retain fertilized egg

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9
Q

Class:

A

Mammalia – amniote with mammary glands & hair

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10
Q

Mammalian characteristics:

A

Mammary glands
Hair
Homeothermy
Limbs under the body
Heterodonty

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11
Q

Monotreme

A

Most ancestral of all mammals –
means they retained most ancestral
traits
- Egg laying; adults lack teeth; lactate
through skin openings (no nipples)

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12
Q

Marsupials

A

Internally gestate and give birth to
underdeveloped young
* Complete growth externally

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13
Q

Placental

A

Placenta connects
developing embryo to the uterine wall

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14
Q

Phylogeny (phylogenetic tree)

A

a diagram depicting a hypothesis of
evolutionary relationships within a group.

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15
Q

Phylogenetics:

A

using molecular techniques (DNA) to reconstruct the
evolutionary relationships of a group.

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16
Q

Trait that characterizes all primates, to the exclusion of all other mammals

A

Petrosal bulla, Skeletal encasing of the middle ear, Derived trait, or synapomorphy

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17
Q

Primates have increased reliance on

A

Increased reliance on vision
Forward-facing eyes (stereoscopic vision)
* Closed (or partially closed) back of the
orbit
* Presence of a post-orbital bar
* Protects eye from chewing muscles

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18
Q

Two Different Primate Vision

A

Binocular vision and stereoscopic vision

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19
Q

Binocular vision

A

Overlapping fields of
view throughout most
of our visual range

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20
Q

Stereoscopic vision-

A

Allows for depth
perception

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21
Q

Trichromatic color vision

A

blues, greens, and reds

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22
Q

Trichromatic color vision in

A

apes, Cercopithecidae
monkeys, some platyrrhine monkeys

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23
Q

primates have Decreased reliance on

A

decreased reliance on smell
* Reduction of snout length, loss of whiskers, and nasal
structures of the skull, especially in haplorrhines
Reduction in olfactory brain regions
* Loss of rhinarium (moist skin around
nostrils) in haplorrhines

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24
Q

Primates have increased

A

Increased brain size relative to body
* More so in anthropoids
* Larger proportion of brain devoted to
cognition, memory, association, etc. (not just
sensory input)

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25
Q

Primates are (fingers) and body

A

Pentadactyly (5 digits)
Clavicle – bony bridge to
the shoulder

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26
Q

Primates have highly derived…

A

Highly derived hands and feet
* Grasping (humans have lost grasping
feet)
Flat nails instead of claws
* Exception: marmosets and tamarins
* Sensitive tactile pads with thin ridges on the tips
of the digits
* Opposable thumbs

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27
Q

Ancestral homologies (primate)

A

Generalized dentition
* Heterodonty
* Less specialized teeth

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28
Q

Primates have extended…

A

Extended life history
* Longer childhood
* Longer intervals
between births
* Fewer offspring
overall
* Parents invest
lots of resources
in kids

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29
Q

Primates have … living

A

Social living
Learn from group mates:
* One reason for that long
childhood
* Maintain close social bonds

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30
Q

Primates two big groups

A

Strepsirrhini and Haplorrhini

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31
Q

Strepsirrhini

A

Lemurs,
Lorises,&
Galagos

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32
Q

Strepsirrhines features

A

Sense of smell is well-developed
Galagos and lorises are nocturnal
Postorbital bar
* Lower jaw (mandible) is not fused
at the midline

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33
Q

Strepsirrhine teeth and movement

A

Tooth comb
* Grooming claw on 2nd digit of hind limb
* Diverse diet and locomotor behaviors
* Mostly small groups (or solitary)

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34
Q

Strepsirrhines:
Lemurs

A

Represent an adaptive radiation
* Very little competition in Madagascar
à ~100 highly varied species and subspecies
* Diurnal and nocturnal, social and
solitary, wide range of sizes, diets,
habitats

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35
Q

Strepsirrhines : Lorises

A

Nocturnal
* Slow, “cryptic” movement
* Relatively small body size
* Solitary

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36
Q

Strepsirrhines: Galagos
(bushbabys)

A
  • Nocturnal
  • Strong leapers
  • Solitary
37
Q

Haplorrhines:

A

Haplorrhines:
Tarsiers,
Monkeys, Apes

38
Q

Haplorrhines:
Tarsiers,
Monkeys, Apes

A

Found in Central and South America, Africa,
Asia, Europe
§ Larger relative brain size
§ Longer gestation and maturation
§ Increased social complexity

39
Q

Haplorrhines features

A

Most are diurnal (Except Tarsiers and owl
monkey)
* Eye lacks a tapetum lucidum
* Reduced olfaction, increased reliance on vision
Full postorbital closure
* Mandible is fused (Except Tarsiers)

40
Q

Haplorrhines:
Tarsiers

A
  • (i.e., Strepsirrhine-like):
  • Grooming claw
  • Unfused lower jaw
  • Nocturnal
  • Small social groups
    Haplorrhine traits:
  • Lack the tapetum lucidum,
    rhinarium, and tooth comb
    Unique traits:
  • Skeletal adaptations for vertical
    clinging and leaping
  • Large eyes relative to body size
41
Q

Haplorrhines:
Monkey and Ape vocabulary

A
  • Platyrrhine= Monkeys in Central & South America
    Catarrhine= Monkeys in Africa & Asia and the Apes
42
Q
  • Platyrrhine superfamily
A

One superfamily:
* Ceboidea

43
Q

Catarrhine superfamily

A

Cercopithecoidea = African & Asian Monkeys
Hominoidea= Apes

44
Q

Haplorrhines: Monkeys living

A

Arboreal vs. Terrestrial

45
Q

Terrestrial:

A

live on the ground
* Usually larger-bodied
* Usually more sexual dimorphism
(males larger than females) and more
male aggression
* Typically, males leave birth groups;
females are core of social groups

46
Q

Arboreal:

A

live in trees
* Usually smaller-bodied
* Usually less sexual dimorphism

47
Q

Monkeys body type:

A

Arms and legs roughly same length
* Lack orthograde (upright) posture: arms and legs roughly parallel to
each other
* All are diurnal (except owl monkey, the only nocturnal anthropoid species)

48
Q

Haplorrhines:
Platyrrhines

A

Flat nosed
* Teeth: have 3 premolars
* Lack trichromatic color vision (except howler
monkey)
* Frugivores (eat fruit) and folivores (eat leaves)
* Arboreal

49
Q

Haplorrhines:
Platyrrhines examples

A

Cebidae monkeys:
* Capuchins and squirrel
monkeys
Marmosets & tamarins:
Aotidae

50
Q

Other Haplorrhines:
Platyrrhines

A

Atelidae, and Pithecidae
* Larger body size
* Some with prehensile tails

51
Q

Haplorrhines:
Catarrhines characteristics

A

Sharp nosed
* Non-prehensile tails
* Teeth: 2 premolars
* All have trichromatic color vision
* Have ischial callosities

52
Q

Haplorhines:
Catarrhines-monkeys

A

Arboreal and terrestrial
* Highly varied habitats
* Savannah, forests,
* high mountain ranges, semi-desert regions, cities
* Frugivores and folivore

53
Q

Haplorhines:
Catarrhines-monkeys family

A

One Family –Cercopithecoidea
Two subfamilies:
Cercopithecidae
Colobinae

54
Q

Cercopithecinae monkeys

A

Have cheek pouches
* Fairly large bodies
* Many are highly sexually
dimorphic

55
Q

Colobine monkeys (leaf eaters)

A

No cheek pouches
* Complex semi-chambered
stomach
* Digest large quantities of
tough leaves

56
Q

Haplorrhines:
Catarrhine Apes

A

Hominoid
* Gibbons, siamangs,
gorillas, orangutans,
chimpanzees,
bonobos, and humans

57
Q

Haplorrhines:
Catarrhine Apes found in

A

Africa and Asia

58
Q

Hominoid
characteristics:

A

Larger body size
* No tails
* Enlarged brain and
enhanced cognitive
capacities
* Increased period of
infant dependency

59
Q

Other Hominoid
characteristics:

A

Mostly terrestrial; build nests in
trees to sleep
* Adaptations for suspensory
locomotion
* Long arms, broad chests
* Full rotation of shoulder
joint
* Orthograde (upright) posture

60
Q

Haplorrhines:
Catarrhines
Gibbons/Siamangs

A

Live in SE Asian forests
* Smallest apes ~Lesser apes
* ~ 3 ft tall, 12-25 kg
* Low sexual dimorphism
* Male-female pair bonding, small groups
* Socially monogamous

61
Q

Haplorrhines: Catarrhines
Orangutans

A

Tend to be solitary
Large bodies
* Adult males ~200 lbs.
* Pronounced sexual
dimorphism
* Mostly arboreal
* Rain forest habitat
* Eat fruit, bark, leaves,
insects
* Suspensory locomotion

62
Q

Haplorrhines
Catarrhines:
Gorillas

A

Very large bodies
* Adult males ~6 feet tall, 400 lbs.
* High sexual dimorphism
* Folivores: eat LOTS of leaves

63
Q

Haplorrhines
Catarrhines:
Gorillas living like:

A

Groups of 20-30 individuals
* One dominant male, several
females and young, a few
subordinate males
* Some male-male aggression
* Rain forest habitat

64
Q

Haplorrhines Catarrhines:
Chimpanzees

A

Eat fruit, leaves, birds’ eggs,
insects
* Males occasionally hunt in
groups for monkeys
* Often use tools to get food
* Human-like body size
* Some sexual dimorphism

65
Q

Haplorrhines:
Catarrhine
Chimpanzee familiar groups

A

Multi-male/multi-female groups, MALE bonding
§ Female chimps and bonobos leave home group, rather
than males
§ Adult females are unrelated
§ à Lots of aggression

66
Q

Haplorhines
Catarrhines:
Bonobos

A

Diet like chimps, except…
* More vegetation
* No observed hunting
Slightly smaller, more slender
than chimps

67
Q

Haplorrhines
Catarrhines: Bonobos familiar groups

A

Multi-male/multi-female groups, FEMALE
bonding
* Females bond even though they are unrelated
* Use sex to avoid conflict
* Male-female, female-female, male-male,
old and young…

68
Q

Haplorhines
Catarrhines:
African great apes

A

Gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos are
knuckle walkers
* Put their weight on the knuckles of
their hands

69
Q

Haplorhines: Catarrhines are also….

A

Humans

70
Q

Quadrupedalism

A

Hind limbs and forelimbs are of near equal length
* Arboreal species have long tails to aid in balance on top of
branches
* Shoulder blade positioned to the side of the ribcage, and restrict
movement at the shoulder
* Long, flexible lower back

71
Q

primates use their hands to

A

Vertical Clinging
and Leaping

Long powerful
hindlimbs
* Long flexible back
* Long fingers for
grasping supports when
they land

72
Q

Suspensory
Locomotion

A

Short hindlimbs, elongated forelimbs
* Mobile shoulder joint
* Shoulder blade located on back
* Long and curved fingers for grasping
branches

73
Q

Brachiation

A

Specialized form of
suspensory locomotion
performed by gibbons
and siamangs

74
Q

Knuckle Walking

A

Wrist joints stabilized
* Form of quadrupedalism practiced by great apes
Put their weight on the knuckles of
their hands

75
Q

Primate Dental Formula

A

Heterodont teeth = different forms
* Anterior teeth involved with ingestion and facilitate transfer of food
from outside to the oral cavity
* Breakdown of food is done by premolars and molars – processing teeth

76
Q

Primate Diets

A

Primate diets must satisfy energy requirements, provide
specific types of nutrients.
* Amino acids and proteins
* Fats and oils
* Carbohydrates
* Vitamins, minerals, and elements
Primate diets must also minimize exposure to toxins
(secondary compounds).
* Toxins are often concentrated in mature leaves and seeds.
* Young leaves, fruits and flowers tend to have lower
concentrations of toxins

77
Q

Primate diets (foods)

A

Flowers/nectar
* Like fruit, patchy in time and space
* Leaves and stems (Folivory)
* High protein, low carbs
* Abundant but harder to digest
* Exudates – gum and sap (Gumnivory)
* Requires specialized feeding adaptations

78
Q

primate types of diet

A
  • Frugivore
  • Folivore
  • Insectivore
  • Gummivore
79
Q

Insectivores

A

tend to be smaller in
body size
* Smaller animals have relatively
higher energy requirements and
eat small amounts of high-quality
foods.

80
Q

Folivores

A

tend to be larger in body
size.
* Can afford to eat large quantities
of lower quality foods.
Folivores tend to have smaller home
ranges than frugivores.

81
Q

Why is diet
important?

A

Dietary patterns influence:
* Group size
* Social dynamics/organization
* Ranging patterns/Activity patterns
* Body size
* Gut and tooth morphology
* Locomotion
* Life history
* Brain size
* Much more…

82
Q

Foraging
strategies

A

Day Range
Home Range
Core Area
Territory

83
Q

Day Range

A

Area used by a group of animals on any
single day

84
Q

Home Range

A

Total area used by a given group of animals
throughout their lives. Sum of all day
ranges.

85
Q

Core Area

A

Most intensively used area of the home
range

86
Q

Territory

A

Actively defended home range/core area, no
overlap of adjacent home ranges

87
Q

Why do
primates live in
groups?

A

Enhanced access to
resources
– Reduced vulnerability to
predation

88
Q

Resource Defense Model

A

Primates live in groups
because groups are more
successful in defending
access to resources than
lone individuals

89
Q
A

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