Biomolecules: Carbohydrates and Lipids Flashcards
What are lipids primarily composed of?
C, H, and some O
What are carbohydrates primarily composed of?
C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio
What are carbohydrates?
‘Hydrates of Carbon’
- main source of energy
3 main branches of carbohyrates
- monosaccharide
- disaccharide
- polysaccharide
What is a monosaccharide?
‘simple sugar’
What are the branches of monosaccharides and explain each one.
Glucose - ‘grape sugar’ / ‘blood sugar’
Fructose - ‘fruit sugar’, twice as sweet as glucose
Galactose - sugar from milk
What are the similarity and difference of the structure between glucose and galactose.
Similarity - both the same pyranose ring
Difference - 4th carboxylic group points down in glucose; up in galactose
What is a disaccharide?
2 monosaccharides bond
What are the branches of disaccharides and explain each one.
Sucrose
- glucose + fructose = sucrose + H2O
Lactose - “Milk Sugar”
- glucose + galactose = lactose + H2O
- large intestine = bacteria = flatus
Maltose
- glucose + glucose = maltose + H2O
What is a polysaccharide?
‘Polymers of Carbohydrates’
- covalent bonds = glycosidic bond
- many glucose units linked to large molecules
What are the branches of polysaccharides and explain each one.
Starch
- major source of energy
- produces dextrin when heated
- unbranched straight chain from plants
Glycogen
- major storage of carbo
- found in muscles and liver
- highly branched, only found in animal cells
Cellulose
- makes up the cell wall
- insoluble in H2O
- cotton
- unbranched straight chain from plants
2 classifications of starch
Amylose - straight chain
Amylopectin - branched chain
What does lipid mean?
Greek word LIPOS, which means fat or lard
What are the branches of lipids?
Fatty Acids
Triacylglycerol / triglyceride
Waxes
Phospholipids
Steroids
Prostaglandins
What are the 3 classification of steroids?
Cholesterol
Testosterone
Corticosterone
