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Biochem (Midterm) > Biomolecules > Flashcards

Biomolecules Flashcards

1
Q

Are carbohydrates organic or inorganic molecules?

A

organic

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2
Q

What atoms are carbohydrates made of and what is the general formula?

A

C,H,O ; Cn(H2O)n where n=3-9

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3
Q

What are 2 main functions of carbohydrates in the body?

A

1) metabolism provides most of the bodies energy

2) the carbon skeleton is used for synthesis of other important for other biomolecules

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4
Q

What defines the type of carbohydrate?

A

the number and arrangement of hydroxyls

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5
Q

What are the 4 common dietary carbs?

A

starch, sucrose, dietary fiber, lactose

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6
Q

Starch is a polysaccharide made of

A

glucose subunits (amylose- unbranches, anylopectin- branched)

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7
Q

Sucrose is a disaccharide made of

A

glucose and fructose

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8
Q

From where do we get dietary fiber?

A

plants

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9
Q

Lactose is a disaccharide made of

A

glucose and galactose

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10
Q

What are the 4 forms of carbs?

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides

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11
Q

what are monosaccharides?

A

simplest form of carb. made up of a single unit of glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose

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12
Q

what are disaccharides?

A

2 monosaccharides (maltose, lactose, sucrose)

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13
Q

what are oligosaccharides?

A

3-10 monosaccharides (glycolipids and glycoproteins) often attached to proteins

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14
Q

what are polysaccharides?

A

more than 10 monosacharides (glycogen, starch, cellulose)

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15
Q

monosaccharides with 5 C

A

pentose

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16
Q

monosaccharide with 6 C

A

hexose

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17
Q

epimer

A

when an OH group besides the one furthest from the chiral carbon is flipped.

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18
Q

What are the 2 forms of stereoisomers?

A

D and L

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19
Q

What is the difference between D and L sugars?

A

D sugars have the OH group furthest from the carbonyl carbon on the right side fo a fischer projection and Lsugars, its on the left

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20
Q

What are stereo isomers?

A

non super imposable mirror images based on conformation of 4 different groups around an asymmetric center

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21
Q

what is an anomer?

A

the cyclic monosaccharides or glycosides that are epimers

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22
Q

alpha anomer

A

the OH group is on the opposite side of the ring from the Ch2OH group

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23
Q

beta anomer

A

the OH group is on the same side of the ring as the CH2OH group

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24
Q

what is the common for for monosaccharides?

A

ring form

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25
Q

5 types of modified monosaccharides

A

deoxyaldose, acetylated amino sugars, acidic sugars, sugar esters, and sugar alcohols

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26
Q

What is deoxyaldose used for in the body?

A

its a major component of DNA

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27
Q

acetylated amino sugars used in the body as:

A

components of glycoprotein and glycolipids which are involved with cell signaling or cell adhesions

28
Q

Acidic sugars are

A

GAG’s and proteoglycans which are present in cell membranes and ECM

29
Q

Sugar alcohols are

A

food additives which become VIP for people with diabetes. need to be concerned with where these sugars fall on the glycemic index

30
Q

how are monosaccharides joined to for disaccharides?

A

O-glycosidic bonds,

31
Q

how are disaccharides formed?

A

the hydrolysis of starch

32
Q

starch amylose is linked by

A

alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds (linear)

33
Q

amylopectin is linked by

A

alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds and alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds (branched)

34
Q

Dietary fiber: cellulose is joined by what linkage?

A

beta 1-4 (long/straight chains)

35
Q

what is the reason for cellulose bent structure?

A

it is water loving so being bent allows it to be stores easily and not so quickly hydrated

36
Q

What is a lipid and what is its major function in cells?

A

Lipids are insoluble biomolecules that become highly soluble in organic solvents. They function as the cell membrane with a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.

37
Q

Fatty acids are

A

building blocks of phospholipids and glycolipids, contain hydrocarbon chain and carboxylic acid group, and contribute to the hydrophobicitiy of lipids

38
Q

From what are lipids synthesized?

A

Acetyl CoA

39
Q

What are the 2 broad classes of lipids?

A

1) fatty acid derivatives (saturated and unsaturated fatty acids)
2) isoprenoids

40
Q

Where are fatty acids oxidized and what is generated?

A

mitochondria, ATP

41
Q

What does lipase enzyme do?

A

lipid digestion

42
Q

What happens when the lipase enzyme is not present or is present in low quantities?

A

GI problems because lipids are not broken down

43
Q

From where is lipase released and what does it work with?

A

the pancreas, bile salts from the gal bladder

44
Q

What are isoprenoids?

A

lipids containing multiple units of isoprene (a 5 C molecule) ex: bile salts and cholesterol

45
Q

How many kcal comes from 1g lipids?

A

9

46
Q

how many kcal comes from 1g carbs?

A

4

47
Q

how many kcal comes from 1g protein?

A

4

48
Q

lipids are used for 3 things

A

1) provides structural support to membranes as well as mechanical and electrical insulation
2) plays a role in signaling by acting as cofactors and signaling molecules plus taking part in immune reactions
3) thermal and mechanical protection

49
Q

what are amino acids?

A

nitrogen containing carboxylic acids and thus precursors to nitrogen containing molecules

50
Q

how many of the 20 amino acids have to come form our diet?

A

10

51
Q

How is acetyl CoA produced?

A

from pyruvate generated form aa

52
Q

Which hormones are aa precursors for?

A

insulin and glucagon

53
Q

what are the 4 parts of an amino acid?

A

central carbon, H group, NH3+, and an R group or side chain. Deprotonation is VIP to allow binding to an N

54
Q

What are the 2 forms in which amino acids exist?

A

L or D

55
Q

What form of aa is used most in the body and what is the exception?

A

L form, exception is D-Serine which functions as a neurotransmitter

56
Q

Nonpolar aa are hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophobic

57
Q

nonpolar (hydrophobic) amino acids: 9

A

GAVLIMPPT

glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, proline, phenylalanine, trp.

58
Q

are polar amino acids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophilic

59
Q

polar (hydrophilic) uncharged aa (6)

A

TSA GCT

tyrosine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, threonine

60
Q

polar (hydrophilic) charged aa (3+ 2-)

A

+HAL -AG
histadine, arginine, lysine
aspartic acid, glutamic acid

61
Q

Where are polar acids found?

A

cytosol/extracellular env.

62
Q

Which polar aa are neutral, acidic, and basic?

A

neutral-uncharged
acidic- negative
basic- positive

63
Q

what is the pI of an amino acid?

A

called the isoelectric point, is the pH at which the charge on an amino acid is 0 and no movement would occur in an electroporetic field.

64
Q

amino acids are converted into 2 things

A

nonproteinogenic aa - not coded or unnatural

biogenic aa- natural bioactive amines

65
Q

3 big important things proteins do

A

feed TCA to make ATP, make up structural tissue like keratin and collagen, and can be used as enzymes and cell signaling molecules

66
Q

4 structures of protein

A

primary- linear chain of aa (polypeptide)
secondary-alpha helicies and beta sheets (created by r group conformation)
tertiary- 3D conformation (S-S bonds, H bonding, hydrophobic interactions and [resence fo metal ions)*colagen and keratin etc.
quarternary- tertiary structures arranged into complexes with one another like hemoglobin via noncovalent associations

Biochem (Midterm) (11 decks)

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