Biomolecules Flashcards by Stephanie Myer

Are carbohydrates organic or inorganic molecules?

organic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What atoms are carbohydrates made of and what is the general formula?

C,H,O ; Cn(H2O)n where n=3-9

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are 2 main functions of carbohydrates in the body?

1) metabolism provides most of the bodies energy

2) the carbon skeleton is used for synthesis of other important for other biomolecules

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What defines the type of carbohydrate?

the number and arrangement of hydroxyls

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 4 common dietary carbs?

starch, sucrose, dietary fiber, lactose

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Starch is a polysaccharide made of

glucose subunits (amylose- unbranches, anylopectin- branched)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sucrose is a disaccharide made of

glucose and fructose

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

From where do we get dietary fiber?

plants

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Lactose is a disaccharide made of

glucose and galactose

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 4 forms of carbs?

monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are monosaccharides?

simplest form of carb. made up of a single unit of glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are disaccharides?

2 monosaccharides (maltose, lactose, sucrose)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are oligosaccharides?

3-10 monosaccharides (glycolipids and glycoproteins) often attached to proteins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are polysaccharides?

more than 10 monosacharides (glycogen, starch, cellulose)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

monosaccharides with 5 C

pentose

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

monosaccharide with 6 C

hexose

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

epimer

when an OH group besides the one furthest from the chiral carbon is flipped.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 2 forms of stereoisomers?

D and L

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the difference between D and L sugars?

D sugars have the OH group furthest from the carbonyl carbon on the right side fo a fischer projection and Lsugars, its on the left

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are stereo isomers?

non super imposable mirror images based on conformation of 4 different groups around an asymmetric center

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is an anomer?

the cyclic monosaccharides or glycosides that are epimers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

alpha anomer

the OH group is on the opposite side of the ring from the Ch2OH group

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

beta anomer

the OH group is on the same side of the ring as the CH2OH group

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the common for for monosaccharides?

ring form

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

5 types of modified monosaccharides

deoxyaldose, acetylated amino sugars, acidic sugars, sugar esters, and sugar alcohols

What is deoxyaldose used for in the body?

its a major component of DNA

acetylated amino sugars used in the body as:

components of glycoprotein and glycolipids which are involved with cell signaling or cell adhesions

Acidic sugars are

GAG's and proteoglycans which are present in cell membranes and ECM

Sugar alcohols are

food additives which become VIP for people with diabetes. need to be concerned with where these sugars fall on the glycemic index

how are monosaccharides joined to for disaccharides?

O-glycosidic bonds,

how are disaccharides formed?

the hydrolysis of starch

starch amylose is linked by

alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds (linear)

amylopectin is linked by

alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds and alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds (branched)

Dietary fiber: cellulose is joined by what linkage?

beta 1-4 (long/straight chains)

what is the reason for cellulose bent structure?

it is water loving so being bent allows it to be stores easily and not so quickly hydrated

What is a lipid and what is its major function in cells?

Lipids are insoluble biomolecules that become highly soluble in organic solvents. They function as the cell membrane with a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.

Fatty acids are

building blocks of phospholipids and glycolipids, contain hydrocarbon chain and carboxylic acid group, and contribute to the hydrophobicitiy of lipids

From what are lipids synthesized?

Acetyl CoA

What are the 2 broad classes of lipids?

1) fatty acid derivatives (saturated and unsaturated fatty acids) 2) isoprenoids

Where are fatty acids oxidized and what is generated?

mitochondria, ATP

What does lipase enzyme do?

lipid digestion

What happens when the lipase enzyme is not present or is present in low quantities?

GI problems because lipids are not broken down

From where is lipase released and what does it work with?

the pancreas, bile salts from the gal bladder

What are isoprenoids?

lipids containing multiple units of isoprene (a 5 C molecule) ex: bile salts and cholesterol

How many kcal comes from 1g lipids?

how many kcal comes from 1g carbs?

how many kcal comes from 1g protein?

lipids are used for 3 things

1) provides structural support to membranes as well as mechanical and electrical insulation 2) plays a role in signaling by acting as cofactors and signaling molecules plus taking part in immune reactions 3) thermal and mechanical protection

what are amino acids?

nitrogen containing carboxylic acids and thus precursors to nitrogen containing molecules

how many of the 20 amino acids have to come form our diet?

How is acetyl CoA produced?

from pyruvate generated form aa

Which hormones are aa precursors for?

insulin and glucagon

what are the 4 parts of an amino acid?

central carbon, H group, NH3+, and an R group or side chain. Deprotonation is VIP to allow binding to an N

What are the 2 forms in which amino acids exist?

L or D

What form of aa is used most in the body and what is the exception?

L form, exception is D-Serine which functions as a neurotransmitter

Nonpolar aa are hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

hydrophobic

nonpolar (hydrophobic) amino acids: 9

GAVLIMPPT | glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, proline, phenylalanine, trp.

are polar amino acids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

hydrophilic

polar (hydrophilic) uncharged aa (6)

TSA GCT | tyrosine, serine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, threonine

polar (hydrophilic) charged aa (3+ 2-)

+HAL -AG histadine, arginine, lysine aspartic acid, glutamic acid

Where are polar acids found?

cytosol/extracellular env.

Which polar aa are neutral, acidic, and basic?

neutral-uncharged acidic- negative basic- positive

what is the pI of an amino acid?

called the isoelectric point, is the pH at which the charge on an amino acid is 0 and no movement would occur in an electroporetic field.

amino acids are converted into 2 things

nonproteinogenic aa - not coded or unnatural | biogenic aa- natural bioactive amines

3 big important things proteins do

feed TCA to make ATP, make up structural tissue like keratin and collagen, and can be used as enzymes and cell signaling molecules

4 structures of protein

primary- linear chain of aa (polypeptide) secondary-alpha helicies and beta sheets (created by r group conformation) tertiary- 3D conformation (S-S bonds, H bonding, hydrophobic interactions and [resence fo metal ions)*colagen and keratin etc. quarternary- tertiary structures arranged into complexes with one another like hemoglobin via noncovalent associations