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CHEM 101: Physical Science > Biomolecules > Flashcards

Biomolecules Flashcards

1
Q

Foundation of Life

A

Biological Molecules (Biomolecules)

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2
Q

Types of Biomolecules

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids (Fat)
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

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3
Q

Small simple molecules, like LEGO bricks (analogy)

A

Monomers

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4
Q

Large molecules made of Monomers, they are the structures you build

A

Polymers

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5
Q

Process of linking monomers to form Polymers

A

Polymerization

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6
Q

The Energy Providers

A

Carbohydrates

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7
Q

What are Carbohydrates composed of?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (1:2:1 ratio)

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8
Q

What are the main functions of Carbohydrates?

A

Energy Storage and Structure

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9
Q

Types of Carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

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10
Q

What are Carbohydrate Bonds?

A

Glycosidic Bonds

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11
Q

Link sugar molecules and is formed through CONDENSATON REACTIONS (removing water)

A

Glycosidic Boinds

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12
Q

What is the shape of Carbohydrates?

A

Ring-like (Hexagon)

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13
Q

How many Carbon Groups are in Carbohydrates?

A

Six (6)

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14
Q

A type of bond where OH group of Carbon-1 is BELOW ring

A

Alpha Bond

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15
Q

A type of bond where OH group of Carbon-1 is ABOVE ring

A

Beta Bond

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16
Q

Process of Removing Water

A

Dehydration Synthesis

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17
Q

Process of Adding Water

A

Hydrolysis

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18
Q

Single sugar units

A

Monosaccharides

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19
Q

Kinds of Monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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20
Q

Primary energy source of cells also known as a six-carbon sugar (hexose) produced during photosynthesis.

HINT: Crucial for cellular respiration

A

Glucose

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21
Q

Found in fruits and honey, metabolized in liver and converted to either: Glucose or Fat

HINT: Only one who has a different molecular shape (Pentagon)

A

Fructose

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22
Q

Part of lactose (milk sugar) and is metabolized in liver and used in energy production

A

Galactose

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23
Q

Double the Sugar or two monosaccharides linked together. Formed through condensation reactions and break down into monosaccharides during digestion

A

Disaccharides

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24
Q

Types of Disaccharides

A

Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

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25
Q

Table sugar. A common sweetener that provides quick source of energy.

A

Sucrose

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26
Q

Sucrose is composed of what?

A

Glucose + Fructose

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27
Q

Milk Sugar. Found in milk and dairy products and provides nutrition for infants (Calcium Absorption). Broken down by LACTASE

A

Lactose

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28
Q

Lactose is composed of what?

A

Glucose + Galactose

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29
Q

Produced during digestion of starch and found in malted foods.

A

Maltose

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30
Q

Maltose is composed of what?

A

Galactose + Galactose

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31
Q

What are the functions of Monosaccharides?

A
  1. Provide instant energy via absorption in bloodstream.
  2. Building Blocks for more complex carbohydrates
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32
Q

What are the functions of Disaccharides?

A
  1. Serve as energy sources
  2. Provide sweetness to food and assist in energy storage for short-term use
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33
Q

Long chains of Monosaccharides known as Complex Carbs

A

Polysaccharides

34
Q

What are the types of Polysaccharides

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin

35
Q

Energy storage in plants that is broken down into Glucose by amylase in digestion

36
Q

Energy Storage in animals found in liver and muscles. Mobilized to maintain blood sugar levels between meals

37
Q

Structural support in plants (plant cell walls made of BETA-glucose). Indigestible to humans and acts as dietary fiber.

38
Q

Found in exoskeletons of insects and cell walls of fungi

39
Q

What are the functions of Polysaccharides?

A
  1. Serve as energy reserves, providing glucose if needed.
  2. Structural Support
40
Q

Versatile molecules essential for nearly every biological process, like SWISS ARMY KNIVES for cellular world

41
Q

Proteins are made up of what?

A

Amino Acids

42
Q

What are the functions of Proteins?

A

Enzymes
Transport
Structure
Signaling

43
Q

How many groups are there of Amino Acids?

A

Twenty (20)

44
Q

What are the Primary Amino Acids?

A

Amino Group (-NH2) - Left
Carboxyl Group (-COOH) - Right
R-Group - Middle

45
Q

Determines amino acid’s properties

46
Q

Linking of Amino Acids. Formed between one amino acid and carboxyl group. Results in the release of a water molecule.

A

Peptide Bonds

47
Q

What chain do Peptide Bonds create?

A

Polypeptide

48
Q

What do Polypeptides form together?

49
Q

Catalysts for biochemical reactions

50
Q

Provide Structure and support to cells and tissues. Often form strong fibrous structures

A

Structural Proteins

51
Q

Carry molecules within body and often shape to “grab” or “release” molecules

A

Transport Proteins

52
Q

Regulate physiological processes and act as chemical messengers in body.

A

Hormonal Proteins

53
Q

Example of Enzymes

A

Amylase
Lactase

54
Q

Example of Structural Proteins

A

Collagen
Keratin

55
Q

Example of Transport Proteins

A

Hemoglobin

56
Q

Example of Hormonal Proteins

57
Q

Store energy, insulate body, and make up the cell membrane

A

Lipids (Fat)

58
Q

Elements of Lipids

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (H-C-O)

59
Q

Monomer of Lipids

A

Glycerol and Three (3) Fatty Acides

60
Q

Polymer of Lipids

A

Phospholipids
Triglycerides

61
Q

What is the nature of Lipids?

HINT: is due to their long hydrocarbon chains

A

Hydrophobic

62
Q

Lipid Tails can be either…

A

Saturated
Unsaturated

63
Q

Hydrocarbon Chains repel…

A

water (polar molecule)

64
Q

Bonds between carbons are single bond. Increases IDL (low-density lipoprotein), raising risks.

65
Q

One Double or Triple Bond between carbon is present. Can lower LDL and cardiovascular diseases

A

Unsaturated

66
Q

Why is Unsaturated better?

A

Prevents molecules from packing close together

67
Q

Types of Unsaturated Fats

A

Cis Fats
Trans Fats

68
Q

Hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the double bond, creating a straight rigid structure.

69
Q

Hydrogen Atoms on same side of double bond, creating bent or kink in fatty acid chain. Healthiest Fat of them all.

70
Q

Most essential molecules for the continuity of life

A

Nucleic Acids

71
Q

Basic units of DNA, composed of phosphate group (P), sugar (deoxyribose), and nitrogenous base (A, C, G, T) that encodes genetic info.

A

Nucleotides

72
Q

Nucleotides are composed of what groups?

A

Phosphate Group
Sugar
Nitrogenous Base

73
Q

the “letters” of genetic codes and the sequence of these bases in DNA or RNA carries genetic info.

A

Nitrogenous Base

74
Q

Types of Nitrogenous Bases

A

Purines
Pyrimidines

75
Q

Apple (A) is to ___; Car (C) is to ____

A

Tree (T); Garage (G)

76
Q

Nitrogenous bases with a double-ring structure (a hexagon and pentagon)

77
Q

Examples of Purines

A

Adenine
Guanine

78
Q

Nitrogenous bases with a single-ring structure (hexagon)

A

Pyrimidines

79
Q

Examples of Pyrimidines

A

Thymine
Cytosine

80
Q

Form backbone of nucleic acid stand by linking sugar molecules through phosphodiester bonds.

A

Phosphate Group

81
Q

Phosphodiester bonds are an example of

A

Dehydration Synthesis

CHEM 101: Physical Science (6 decks)

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