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CHEM 101: Physical Science > Biomolecules > Flashcards

Biomolecules Flashcards

1
Q

Foundation of Life

A

Biological Molecules (Biomolecules)

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2
Q

Types of Biomolecules

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids (Fat)
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

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3
Q

Small simple molecules, like LEGO bricks (analogy)

A

Monomers

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4
Q

Large molecules made of Monomers, they are the structures you build

A

Polymers

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5
Q

Process of linking monomers to form Polymers

A

Polymerization

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6
Q

The Energy Providers

A

Carbohydrates

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7
Q

What are Carbohydrates composed of?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (1:2:1 ratio)

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8
Q

What are the main functions of Carbohydrates?

A

Energy Storage and Structure

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9
Q

Types of Carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

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10
Q

What are Carbohydrate Bonds?

A

Glycosidic Bonds

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11
Q

Link sugar molecules and is formed through CONDENSATON REACTIONS (removing water)

A

Glycosidic Boinds

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12
Q

What is the shape of Carbohydrates?

A

Ring-like (Hexagon)

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13
Q

How many Carbon Groups are in Carbohydrates?

A

Six (6)

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14
Q

A type of bond where OH group of Carbon-1 is BELOW ring

A

Alpha Bond

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15
Q

A type of bond where OH group of Carbon-1 is ABOVE ring

A

Beta Bond

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16
Q

Process of Removing Water

A

Dehydration Synthesis

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17
Q

Process of Adding Water

A

Hydrolysis

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18
Q

Single sugar units

A

Monosaccharides

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19
Q

Kinds of Monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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20
Q

Primary energy source of cells also known as a six-carbon sugar (hexose) produced during photosynthesis.

HINT: Crucial for cellular respiration

A

Glucose

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21
Q

Found in fruits and honey, metabolized in liver and converted to either: Glucose or Fat

HINT: Only one who has a different molecular shape (Pentagon)

A

Fructose

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22
Q

Part of lactose (milk sugar) and is metabolized in liver and used in energy production

A

Galactose

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23
Q

Double the Sugar or two monosaccharides linked together. Formed through condensation reactions and break down into monosaccharides during digestion

A

Disaccharides

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24
Q

Types of Disaccharides

A

Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

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25
Table sugar. A common sweetener that provides quick source of energy.
Sucrose
26
Sucrose is composed of what?
Glucose + Fructose
27
Milk Sugar. Found in milk and dairy products and provides nutrition for infants (Calcium Absorption). Broken down by LACTASE
Lactose
28
Lactose is composed of what?
Glucose + Galactose
29
Produced during digestion of starch and found in malted foods.
Maltose
30
Maltose is composed of what?
Galactose + Galactose
31
What are the functions of Monosaccharides?
1. Provide instant energy via absorption in bloodstream. 2. Building Blocks for more complex carbohydrates
32
What are the functions of Disaccharides?
1. Serve as energy sources 2. Provide sweetness to food and assist in energy storage for short-term use
33
Long chains of Monosaccharides known as Complex Carbs
Polysaccharides
34
What are the types of Polysaccharides
Starch Glycogen Cellulose Chitin
35
Energy storage in plants that is broken down into Glucose by amylase in digestion
Starch
36
Energy Storage in animals found in liver and muscles. Mobilized to maintain blood sugar levels between meals
Glycogen
37
Structural support in plants (plant cell walls made of BETA-glucose). Indigestible to humans and acts as dietary fiber.
Cellulose
38
Found in exoskeletons of insects and cell walls of fungi
Chitin
39
What are the functions of Polysaccharides?
1. Serve as energy reserves, providing glucose if needed. 2. Structural Support
40
Versatile molecules essential for nearly every biological process, like SWISS ARMY KNIVES for cellular world
Proteins
41
Proteins are made up of what?
Amino Acids
42
What are the functions of Proteins?
Enzymes Transport Structure Signaling
43
How many groups are there of Amino Acids?
Twenty (20)
44
What are the Primary Amino Acids?
Amino Group (-NH2) - Left Carboxyl Group (-COOH) - Right R-Group - Middle
45
Determines amino acid's properties
R-Group
46
Linking of Amino Acids. Formed between one amino acid and carboxyl group. Results in the release of a water molecule.
Peptide Bonds
47
What chain do Peptide Bonds create?
Polypeptide
48
What do Polypeptides form together?
Protein
49
Catalysts for biochemical reactions
Enzymes
50
Provide Structure and support to cells and tissues. Often form strong fibrous structures
Structural Proteins
51
Carry molecules within body and often shape to "grab" or "release" molecules
Transport Proteins
52
Regulate physiological processes and act as chemical messengers in body.
Hormonal Proteins
53
Example of Enzymes
Amylase Lactase
54
Example of Structural Proteins
Collagen Keratin
55
Example of Transport Proteins
Hemoglobin
56
Example of Hormonal Proteins
Insulin
57
Store energy, insulate body, and make up the cell membrane
Lipids (Fat)
58
Elements of Lipids
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (H-C-O)
59
Monomer of Lipids
Glycerol and Three (3) Fatty Acides
60
Polymer of Lipids
Phospholipids Triglycerides
61
What is the nature of Lipids? HINT: is due to their long hydrocarbon chains
Hydrophobic
62
Lipid Tails can be either...
Saturated Unsaturated
63
Hydrocarbon Chains repel...
water (polar molecule)
64
Bonds between carbons are single bond. Increases IDL (low-density lipoprotein), raising risks.
Saturated
65
One Double or Triple Bond between carbon is present. Can lower LDL and cardiovascular diseases
Unsaturated
66
Why is Unsaturated better?
Prevents molecules from packing close together
67
Types of Unsaturated Fats
Cis Fats Trans Fats
68
Hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the double bond, creating a straight rigid structure.
Trans Fat
69
Hydrogen Atoms on same side of double bond, creating bent or kink in fatty acid chain. Healthiest Fat of them all.
Cis Fat
70
Most essential molecules for the continuity of life
Nucleic Acids
71
Basic units of DNA, composed of phosphate group (P), sugar (deoxyribose), and nitrogenous base (A, C, G, T) that encodes genetic info.
Nucleotides
72
Nucleotides are composed of what groups?
Phosphate Group Sugar Nitrogenous Base
73
the "letters" of genetic codes and the sequence of these bases in DNA or RNA carries genetic info.
Nitrogenous Base
74
Types of Nitrogenous Bases
Purines Pyrimidines
75
Apple (A) is to ___; Car (C) is to ____
Tree (T); Garage (G)
76
Nitrogenous bases with a double-ring structure (a hexagon and pentagon)
Purines
77
Examples of Purines
Adenine Guanine
78
Nitrogenous bases with a single-ring structure (hexagon)
Pyrimidines
79
Examples of Pyrimidines
Thymine Cytosine
80
Form backbone of nucleic acid stand by linking sugar molecules through phosphodiester bonds.
Phosphate Group
81
Phosphodiester bonds are an example of
Dehydration Synthesis

CHEM 101: Physical Science (6 decks)

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