biomolecules

Question 1

Roles of water

Answer 1

• universal solvent/transport medium
• high specific heat capacity, high loss of latent heat of evaporation from skin’s surface thru evaporation of sweat
• cohesion & adhesion to xylem walls

Question 2

Chemicals that make up carbohydrate (& general formula)

Answer 2

C,H,O,Cx(H2O)y

Question 3

maltose is?

Answer 3

glucose-glucose, dimer

Question 4

sucrose is?

Answer 4

glucose-fructose, non-reducing, catgurl

Question 5

lactose is?

Answer 5

glucose-galactose dimer

Question 6

Carbohydrate bonds?

Answer 6

glycosidic, C-O-C or [-o-]

tie-fighter…nvm

Question 7

What is starch? (+examples)

Answer 7

• large polymer made of millions of glucose monomers, making it a storage molecule for energy
• large linear polymer has a helical shape, making it more compact and takes up less space for storage
• large polymer so it is insoluble in water and does not change the water potential of the cell when stored in large amounts.

Question 8

Cellulose examples?

Answer 8

support for plants in cell wall

dietary fibre to prevent constipation in humans

Question 9

Glycogen?

Answer 9

storage in mammals only
-broken down by glucagon to glucose absorbed in liver and muscles as energy
(more highly branched than starch)

Question 10

Lipid chemicals and bonds?

Answer 10

C,H,O, ester bonds (double O and C bond)

Question 11

Lipid properties

Answer 11

concentrated, INSOLUBLE energy source, more reduced than carbohydrates
-compelete oxidation produces large amts of metabolic water

Question 12

roles of lipids

Answer 12

buoyancy, waterproof, insulator

Question 13

Triglyceride is made of?

Answer 13

3 fatty acid 1 glycerol

Question 14

phospholipid is made of? (+properties)

Answer 14

1 glycerol molecule, phosphate group (hydrophilic), 2 hydrocarbon tails (hydrophobic)

Question 15

roles of phospholipid?

Answer 15

SELECTIVELY permeable cell membrane

due to hydrophobic properties only allowing small non-polar molecules to enter

Question 16

unsaturated fatty acids in cell membrane

Answer 16

unsat double carbon bonds in fatty acid chain OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS form kinks, prevent close packing OF PHOSPHOSLIPIDS

Question 17

What are the keywords?

Answer 17

of (waht), from (where to where), by (process), between (reactions)

not keyword but DATA
“From fig 1.”? or own knowledge?

Question 18

cholesterol in cell membrane

Answer 18

reduce fludity by preventing movement of lipid molecules (phospholipids)

Question 19

Protein chemicals and bond?

Answer 19

C,H,O,N, peptide bond C-N

Question 20

protein property

Answer 20

specific 3d shape relates to function

bonding pattern can be altered in high heat/extreme pH

Question 21

describe low temp enzyme

Answer 21

-enymes INACTIVE
- low KE of substrate and enzyme
- low frequency of effective collisions between S&E active sites
(lower rate of formation of E-S complex, products)

CONTEXT

Question 22

describe increasing product formation with increasing temp (in graph) (enzyme)

Answer 22

-higher KE of enzyme and substrates
-higher frequency of effective collisions between S&E active sites
(higher rate of formation of E-S complex, products)

CONTEXT (in graph only!)

Question 23

describe high temperature enzyme

Answer 23

• enzyme DENATURED
• high temps break (peptide) bonds in enzymes
• E lose specific shape
• no longer complementary to substrate
• low frequency of effective collisions between S&E active sites

CONTEXT

Question 24

describe extreme pH enzyme

Answer 24

• changes in pH from optimum pH
• alter the bonding pattern of protein structure and 3d conformation of active site of enzyme
• enzyme’s active site no longer complementary to substrate
• denatured/loses catalytic function
• no(few) effective collisions between enzyme active site and substrate

Question 25

describe optimum temp enzyme

Answer 25

- enzymes are most efficient/max enzyme activity | - all enzyme active sites are saturated

Question 26

describe optimum pH enzyme

Answer 26

-enzymes maintain specific 3D configuration -enzymes active sites can bind with substrate to form E-S complex --all enzyme active sites are saturated (limited by conc of substrate)

Question 27

roles of proteins

Answer 27

enzyme, structure, transport of substances across cell surface membrane

Question 28

primary protein

Answer 28

long chain of amino acid held by peptide bonds

Question 29

secondary protein

Answer 29

part or all of peptide chain develops by - coiling as a-helix - folding as B-sheet

Question 30

tertiary protein

Answer 30

precise, compact, unique | -further folded, held in complex shape

Question 31

quaternary protein

Answer 31

2 or more peptide chains held together | -complex, biologically active molecuLE

Question 32

Mode of action of enzymes (explain function of enzyme)

Answer 32

- shape of enzyme active site is specific and complementary to substrate. Upon effective collision between enzyme and substrate, enzyme-substrate complexes are formed - interactions between enzyme active site and substrate weaken chemical bonds within substrate. Thus activation energy is lowered. - when reaction between enzyme and substrates is completed, products formed no longer fit into the enzyme active site and are released, so the enzyme is free to catalyse more reactions.