Biomedicine Flashcards
Chronic cold fingers and toes?
Raynaud’s disease
what are the two types of R disease?
Primary: not autoimmune, Secondary: caused by autoimmune disorder
which is the good type, HDL or LDH
HDL
Risk factor for coronary heart disease (hdl/ldl)
Low HDL and high LDL
device to monitor heart
Holter monitor
What is intermittent claudication?
An issue with too little blood flow in the arteries.
Main symptom of intermittent claudication?
cramping or cramping during exercise.
Lub sound:
Tricuspid valve and mitral valve snapping shut (pulmonic and aortic valve are opening)
Dub sound:
Pulmonic and aortic valve snapping shut (tricuspid and mitral valve are opening)
Which chambers of the does atrial fibrillation effect?
upper chambers
which chambers does ventricular fibrillation effect?
lower chambers, call 911.
Chest pain that is worse with exertion and better with rest, can feel like pressure or tightness in the chest with nausea, short of breath, sweating and dizziness:
Angina Pectoris
Chest pain that starts off as worse with exertion and better with rest but now occurs even at rest:
Unstable Angina
Redness, warmth, pain, and swelling on one limb only and the Homan’s test is positive:
Deep vein Thrombosis
PAD
peripheral atherosclerotic disease
PAD symptoms
intermittent claudication, pain, achiness, cramping all better with rest and worse going uphill, popliteal, post tibial or dorsal pedis pulse may be absent, painful, cold and numb lims, poor capillary reill, poor hair growth, dry, scaly skin on extremities, prone to leg, toe or heel ulcers
Orthostatic hypotension is:
Feeling faint or passing out when going from sitting to standing with other sx like dizziness, confusion, blurry vision, lightheadedness, all better lying down.
Rapid breathing, SOB, palpitations/rapid HR, low BP, loss of consciousness or lightheadedness, cold sweat =
Cardiogenic hypotension or shock. Check to see if px has a pacemaker and call 911, remove needles.
120/80
LOW RISK
121-134/80-84
medium risk
135 + /85+
high risk
Chest pain lasting longer than 30 min radiating down left arm?
Myocardial infarction
Sudden severe H/A with neck stiffness and photophobia. Worst H/A of life, might pass out:
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Worse H/A of life with stiff neck, vomiting, sudden high fever but no passing out. Confusion, sleepiness, or difficulty waking up and sensitivity to light:
Bacterial meningitis.
Seizure that occurs as a side effect to a medication:
provoked seizures
Petit Mal seizure
blank out, staring
Tonic Clonic (grande mal)
might start out with auras, des ja vu, dizziness, weird emotions
Tonic
quick loss of consciousness with sudden tensing of muscles. Lasts a few seconds.
Clonic
alternating quick contraction and relaxation of muscles causing twitching to violent shaking. Eyes roll back in the head and tongue could be damaged, possible incontinence. Postictal sleep follows seizure
and person has confusion or memory loss upon regaining consciousness which wears off.
TX for siezure
if LOC more than 5 min, or repeat seizures, call 911. Don’t place anything in the mouth.
Stroke symptoms
Characterized by slurred speech, vision trouble, dizziness, balance or coordination issues, numbness of the face arm or leg usually on one side of the body with worst case scenario fainting or seizures
Stroke (CVA)
Cerebrovascular attack which permanently damages the brain tissue due to ischemia (lack of oxygen leading to the death of tissue) in excess of four minutes.
Stroke Wet type
Aneurism, trauma, vascular malformation wet. Keep bp low
Stroke dry type
Blood clot, thrombosis or embolus . dry = Coumadin, aspirin
Ministroke
Sensation of weakness or numbness on the face or on one side of the body confusion, slurred speech or garbled speech, memory loss, (difficulty swallowing) dysphagia, balance issues and vertigo and or dizziness, vision loss or double vision?
Can’t wrinkle forehead:
Bell’s palsy
Abdominal pain, severe pain that radiates to the low back and or lower abdomen. Pain is worse when lying down and feels better when the body is bent forward. Can also have
nausea, vomiting, bloating and fever. Pain is episodic. Is this cholecystitis or pancreatitis?
Pancreatitis. DR in the next few weeks.
What disease is characterized by pain in the right hypochondriac region that may radiate to the right scapula with nausea, vomiting, sweating and possible epigastric pain?
Cholecystitis
Frequent bloody diarrhea with abdominal and rectal pain, fever, nausea and vomiting. Usually occurs due to eating infected food?
Bacterial dysentery
A type of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by severe chronic diarrhea, crampy abdominal pain, fever, no appetite with weight loss. Tender abdomen, a palpable mass or fullness. Rectal bleeding is unusual?
Chron’s disease
Upper abdominal pain that is dull but persistent, bloating after eating, nausea, belching, weight loss, low appetite or feeling full quickly after starting to eat. Patient drinks lots of coffee through the day and drinks wine every night.
Chronic gastritis.
What is inflammed in Chronic gastritis?
Stomach lining
Causes of chronic gastritis
Alcohol consumption, coffee, spicy food, stress, and H. Pylori.
TX for chronic gastritis
Proton-pump inhibitors, zantac, h2 antagonists, tums, alka seltzer
Stomach ulcers most often due to?
H. Pylori.
what does the H stand for in H. Pylori?
Helicobacter
What quadrant is Diverticultis or diverticulosis?
LLQ
Crampy ab pain that comes and goes, loss of appetite, constipation, vomiting, swelling of the abdomen, inability to pass gas, look for possible surgery?
bowel obstruction. Refer to ER have someone drive.
What disease is characterized with sx of productive cough with white, yellow or green mucus, sob, wheezing, a prolonged expiratory phase of breathing, lung hyperinflation manifested as decreased heart and lung sounds, frequent lung infections, low energy and weight loss and barrel chest at the end of the disease?
COPD: Barreled chest, clubbing of fingers.
Primary underlying pathology for Blue Bloaters?
Chronic Bronchitis
irreversible changes to the alveoli which are now enlarged and destruction to the alveolar walls.
Emphysema (pink puffer)
Finger clubbing causes:
lung cancer, celiac, cirrhosis, Grave’s cystic fibrosis
Definition of chronic bronchitis
productive cough for at least 3 months for more then 2 consecutive years
What disease is characterized by slow disease progression, cough with green or yellow sputum especially upon waking, eventual there can be blood streaked sputum, sweat, night sweats with or without fever?
TB. Report to public health.
Severe sob, wheezing, tightness in the chest, not enough air to walk or talk, blue lips, fingers due to low oxygen + confusion?
Asthma
Asthma attack with no inhaler?
Refer to ER, should not drive themselves.
Cause of asthma
Environmental triggers
Asthma medications:
short acting or long acting bronchodilators like albuterol
Long term prevention of inflammation due to asthma:
nonsteroidals (NSAIDS) or corticosteroids
What is advair?
Corticosteroid + bronchodilator
CPR for adult
30 comp/2 breaths
CPR for child
30 comp/2 breaths
CPR for baby
30/2 breaths
CPR performed by two people
15/2
Difficulty swallowing with pain in the epigastrium and behind the sternum with weight
loss and low energy is usually due to?
Esophageal cancer
Bone pain with swelling, redness loss of function with weight loss. X rays might reveal
lace-like bones?
Osteosarcoma (aka osteogenic sarcoma)
A rough, scaly patch on the skin that develops after years of sun exposure and is often
found on the face is called?
Actinic keratosis
Patient has a mole on the face which is asymmetrical, with border irregularity, color varies from one area to another, diameter is over 6mm (pencil eraser), there has been significant change over the last few months?
Malignant melanoma. MD referral within 1 month.
ABCDE
Asymmetry, border irregularities, color changes, diameter and evolving.
Most common skin cancer
Basal cell carcinoma
If I have a blistering skin sore is it basal, squamous or malignant melanoma?
Squamous
Which skin cancer is more common above the nose
Basal (more sun exposure)
Breast swelling, skin dimpling (pau d’orange), breast or nipple pain, nipple retraction, nipple or skin that is flaking or red or dry or thickening, swollen lymph nodes?
breast cancer
Lumps in the breast that are painless
sx of early-stage breast cancer.
Shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, coughing up blood with weight loss?
lung cancer/pulmonary cancer
Rectal bleeding, hemorrohoids, nausea vomiting and weight loss?
Colon/rectal cancer
Hard lump on the testicle with weight loss?
Testicular cancer. Refer MD over next few days/weeks
Most common type of cancer for men:
Prostate
Most common type of cancer for women:
Breast
Most common type of cancer for both sexes combined:
Lung
Swollen parotid glands with high fever, headache, muscle aches, weakness, fatigue and loss of appetite, and pain when chewing or swallowing is a sign of which Western Disease?
Mumps
What is the other name for Mumps?
Epidemic parotitis
What is the co-condition of concern in boys?
Orchitis
Is mumps viral or bacterial?
Viral
Medication for mumps?
Antibiotics won’t work for virus, there’s only a vaccine
Which childhood disease has fever, tiredness, loss of appetite, headache and rash that turns into itchy fluid filled blisters that turn into scabs?
Chicken pox
Starts off with chills, fever, sore throat and mild cough and then turns into severe cough that is loud with a big gasping sound between coughs?
Whooping cough
This disease starts off abruptly with a septicemic phase with h/a, severe muscular aches, chills, fever, cough, pharyngitis, chest pain, and, in some patients, hemoptysis. Conjunctival
suffusion usually appears on the 3rd or 4th day. Splenomegaly and hepatomegaly are uncommon.
This phase lasts 4 to 9 days, with recurrent chills and fever that often spikes to > 39° C. The 2nd
immune phase has the same sx as the first but now can develop meningitis or pulmonary
hemorrhaging, liver or kidney damage. It is spread to humans from domestic and wild animals or
from contaminated water. Usually this occurs in late summer or early fall?
Leptospirosis
TX for lepto
antibiotics/penicillin
If lepto is left untreated..
It can cause liver fibrosis or bladder cancer.
What progressive chronic disease has relapsing and remitting symptoms of paresthesia in one or more extremities in the trunk or side of the face with visual disturbances like partial loss of vision or pain in one eye, weakness or clumsiness of a leg or hand, pain, urinary incontinence (frequency, urgency, hesitancy or incontinence or retention). Apathy, poor judgement depression?
MS
Schistosomiasis
A disease caused by parasitic worms. Second to malaria in devastation
What is seen on MRI’s for MS
lesions on the CNS (spinal cord or medulla)
What disease is characterized by rigidity or trembling of the head and extremities, shuffling gait, balance issues, stuttering, sleep problems, trouble thinking, muscle stiffness:
Parkinsons
Vit K symptoms?
Blood clotting problems
Retinol, which vitamin?
A
Vit A xu sx
Night blindness
Vit A excess sx
Hepatotoxicity
Calciferol which vit
D
source of vit D
sunshine
Vit D xu sx
Rickets, osteomalacia, muscle weakness and aches, bone pain
Tocopherol which vit
Vit E
