BioMed Lab Flashcards
Yes I copied half of this from Quizlet, it's for personal use anyway
1
Q
Proteins developed by the immune system that counteract antigens
A
Antibodies
2
Q
Applying scientific knowledge to make a practical solution
A
Applied science
3
Q
The study of decision making as it applies to the morals of biology, medicine, and technology
A
Bioethics
4
Q
The manipulation of living things and their molecules, cells, tissues, or organs
A
Biotechnology
5
Q
CDC, national research center for developing and applying disease prevention and control, and health education to improve public health
A
Center for Disease Control and Prevention
6
Q
Experimental trial added to demonstrate positive or negative control, and to ensure the experiment works properly
A
Control Group
7
Q
Genetic disorder that clogs respiratory and digestive systems with mucus
A
Cystic Fibrosis
8
Q
Enzyme that binds together disconnected strands of DNA
A
DNA ligase
9
Q
Rod-shaped bacterium native to animal intestines, used in genetics and biotechnology
A
E. Coli
10
Q
EPA, federal agency that enforces environmental laws including the use and protection of microorganisms, herbicides, pesticides, and GMOs
A
Environmental Protect Agency
11
Q
FDA, federal agency that regulates the use and production of food, drugs, and medical devices
A
Food and Drug Administration
12
Q
Organisms that contain DNA from another organisms and produce new proteins encoded on the new DNA
A
Genetically Modified Organisms
13
Q
Educated guess to a scientific questions, must be testable
A
Hypothesis
14
Q
Study of molecules found in cells
A
Molecular Biology
15
Q
Conviction or justifiable position, having to do with whether something is considered right or wrong
A
Moral
16
Q
A group of data lacking what is being tested to give negative results
A
Negative control
17
Q
NIH, federal agency that funds and conducts biomedical research
A
National Institutes of Health
18
Q
Relating to drugs developed for medical use
A
Pharmaceutical
19
Q
Technique involving copying short pieces of DNA and making millions of copies in a short time
A
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
20
Q
A group of data that will give predictable positive results
A
Positive control
21
Q
Proteins whose function is to break down other proteins
A
Proteases
22
Q
Scientific research whose main purpose is to enrich the scientific knowledge base
A
Pure science
23
Q
Chemical or substance used in an experiment
A
Reagent
24
Q
DNA created by combining DNA from two or more sources
A
Recombinant DNA (rDNA)
25
Cutting and recombining DNA molecules
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology
26
Refers to the early stages in product development that include discovery of the structure and function of a potential product and initial small-scale production
Research and development
27
Agent used to treat diseases or disorders
Therapeutic
28
Tissue plasminogen activator, one of the first genetically engineered products to be sold, naturally occurring enzyme that breaks down blood clots and blocked blood vessels
t-PA
29
USDA, federal agency that regulates the use and production of plants, plant products, vet supplies and meds, and GMOs
United States Department of Agriculture
30
Anything that can vary in an experiment
Variable
31
Molecular agents derived from fungi and/or bacteria that impede the growth and survival of some other microorganisms
Antibiotics
32
Study of chemical reactions occurring in living things
Biochemistry
33
Strict series of tests that evaluates the effectiveness and safety of a medical treatment
Clinical trials
34
Method of asexual reproduction that produces identical organisms
Cloning
35
Amount of substance as a proportion of another substance
Concentration
36
Information gathered by documentation
Data
37
DNA, double stranded helix molecule that stores genetic information for the production of proteins
Deoxyribonucleic acid
38
Disorder affecting the uptake of sugar by cells due to inadequate insulin production
Diabetes
39
The ability to yield a desired result or demonstrate that a product does what it claims to do
Efficacy
40
A process by which, in an oxygen deprived environment, a cell converts sugar into lactic acid or ethanol
Fermentation
41
The study of genes and how they are inherited and expresses
Genetics
42
One entire set of an organism's genetic makeup
Genome
43
Synonym for microorganisms, includes bacteria, most algae, and many fungi
Microbial agents
44
Collaborative international effort to sequence and map all the DNA on the 23 human chromosomes, "completed" in 2000
Human Genome Project
45
A protein that facilitates the uptake of sugar into cells from blood
Insulin
46
Scientific periodicals or magazines in which scientists publish their experimental work, findings, or conclusions
Journals
47
The manufacturing of large volumes of a product
Large-scale production
48
An instrument that measures the amount of type of light emitted
Fluorometer
49
A living thing
Organism
50
Cell biology
Cytology
50
Composed of more than one cell
Multicellular
51
The structure and organization of living things
Anatomy
52
The processes and functions of living things
Physiology
53
The breaking down of food molecules with the result of generating energy for the cell
Respiration
54
Composed of one cell
Unicellular
55
A group of cells that function together
Tissue
56
Tissues that act together to form a specific function in an organism
Organ
57
One of four macromolecules, functional polypeptides that conduct various functions within and around a cell
Proteins
58
A cell that contains membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryote
59
An organism belonging to the kingdom Protista, which includes protozoans, slime molds, and certain algae
Protist
60
Specialized microscopic factories, each with specific jobs in the cell
Organelles
61
The membrane-bound organelles that are responsible for generation cellular energy
Mitochondria
62
A simple carbohydrate molecule composed of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen
Sugar
63
Polysaccharide that is composed of many glucose molecules
Starch
64
A class of macromolecules that directs the synthesis of all other cellular molecules
Nucleic acids
65
One of four macromolecules, includes fats, waxes, steroids and oils
Lipids
66
An organ that secretes digestive fluid, as well as insulin
Pancreas
67
A molecule that acts to regulate cellular functions
Hormone
68
The green-pigmented molecules found in plant cells, used for photosynthesis
Chlorophyll
69
A process by which plants or algae use light energy to make chemical energy
Photosynthesis
70
The specialized organelles in plants responsible for photosynthesis
Chloroplast
71
A gel like fluid of thousands of molecules suspended in water, outside the nucleus
Cytoplasm
72
A membrane-bound organelle that is responsible for the breakdown of cellular waste
Lysosome
73
The organelle in a cell where proteins are made
Ribosome
74
A specialized organelle surrounding the cells of plants, bacteria, and some fungi, gives support around the outer boundary of the cell
Cell wall
75
A structural polysaccharide that is found in plant cell walls
Cellulose
76
A specialized organelle of the cell that regulated the movement of materials into and out of the cell
Plasma membrane
77
A 6-carbon sugar that is produced during photosynthetic reactions, usual form of carbohydrate, used by animals, including humans
Glucose
78
ATP, a nucleotide that serves as an energy storing molecule
Adenosine triphosphate
79
The long strands of DNA intertwined with protein molecules
Chromosomes
80
A protein that functions to speed up chemical reactions
Enzyme
81
The molecules that are colored due to the reflection of light of specific wavelengths
Pigments
82
A class of RNA molecules responsible for transferring genetic information from the chromosomes to ribosomes where proteins are made
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
83
The subunits of proteins, each contains a central carbon atom attached to an amino group, and a distinctive "R" group
Amino acids
84
A strand of amino acids connected to each other through peptide bonds
Polypeptide
85
An animal cell line commonly used in biotechnology studies
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells
86
African green monkey kidney epithelial cells, commonly used in lab testing
Vero cells
87
Human epithelial cells
HeLa cells
88
A cell that lacks membrane bound organelles
Prokaryote
89
Utilizing oxygen to release the energy from sugar molecules
Aerobic respiration
90
Releasing the energy from sugar molecules in the absence of oxygen
Anaerobic respiration
91
A large molecule usually composed of smaller repeating units chained together
Macromolecule
92
Molecules that contain carbon and only produced in living things
Organic
93
One of four classes of macromolecules, organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, in a 1:2:1 ratio
Carbohydrates
94
A protein network in cytoplasm that gives the cells structural support
Cytoskeleton
95
The repeating units that make up polymers
Monomers
96
A large molecule made up of many repeating subunits
Polymer
97
The monomer unit that cells use to build polysaccharides, also known as a "single sugar" or "simple sugar"
Monosaccharide
98
A polymer that consists of two sugar molecules
Disaccharide
99
A long polymer composed of many simple sugar monomers
Polysaccharide
100
Fruit sugar
Fructose
101
Table sugar, composed of fructose and glucose
Sucrose
102
Milk sugar, composed of glucose and galactose
Lactose
103
A plant starch with unbranched, staright, glucose chains
Amylose
104
A plant starch with branded glucose chains, made in amyloplasts
Amylopectin
105
An animal starch made of GLUCOSE CHAINS, main source of energy that the body stores
Glyocogen
106
The process by which cells break down glucose to create other energy molecules
Cellular respiration
107
Repelled by water
Hydrophobic
108
A group of lipids that includes animal fat and plant oils, when you eat, unused calories are stored as this kind of lipid in fat cells
Triglycerides
109
A class of lipids that are primarily found in cell membranes of the cell
Phospholipids
110
Having an attraction for water
Hydrophilic
111
A group of lipids whose functions include acting as HORMONES(!!!), venom, and pigments
Steroids
112
The chemical side-group of an amino acid; in nature, there are 20 different R groups that are found on amino acids
R group
113
The maromolecule that functions in the conversion of genetic instructions (DNA) into proteins, RNA
Ribonucleic acid
114
The monomer subunits of nucleic acids
Nucleotides
115
Transported by air
Airborne
116
The state of being free of pathogenic organisms
Asepsis
117
An apparatus for sterilizing that uses super heated steam under pressure
Autoclave
118
Unicellular prokaryotic organisms, disease causing agents
Bacteria
119
Any material that has been in contact with body fluids and is capable of transmitting disease
Biohazardous
120
Capable of being transported in blood
Bloodborne
121
CLIA
Clinical laboratory improvement amendments
122
Able to be transmitted by contact
Communicable
123
The destruction of pathogenic microorganisms by direct exposure to chemicals or heat
Disinfection
124
An infection acquired by inhaling droplets of saliva or sputum containing viruses
Droplet infection
125
Relation to feces
Fecal
126
Plant life adapted for living in a specific environment
Flora
127
Cellular organisms that subsist on organic matter
Fungi
128
The study of health and observance of health rules
Hygiene
129
The interval between exposure to infection and the appearance of the first symptom
Incubation
130
Diagnostic and treatment procedures involving entry into living tissue
Invasive
131
A feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness,
Malaise
132
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administrations
133
PPE
Personal protective equipment
134
Simple discomfort known as itching
Pruritic
135
A small collection of pus on top layer of skin or beneath
Pustular
136
Gram-negative intracellular parasitic bacteria
Rickettsiae
137
Revival from potential or apparent death
Resuscitation
138
Washing and scrubbing to remove contaminations
Sanitation
139
Sudden attacks of pain and disease
Seizures
140
The length of time that a wrapped instrument will remain sterile after processing
Shelf life
141
Guidelines for the prevention of infectious diseases
Standard precaution
142
Disease-evoking power of a pathogen
Virulence
143
Two lines that run parallel, but in opposite directions
Antiparallel
144
A type of bond which is very weak, but strong when there are many holds together the two strands of DNA
Hydrogen bond
145
A, T, C, G, molecules which form the "rungs" of the DNA ladder
Base
146
The base that always pairs with thymine
Adenine
147
The base that always pairs with adenine
Thymine
148
The base that always pairs with guanine
Cytosine
149
The base that always pairs with cytosine
Guanine
150
Matching, pairing with
Complementary
151
The base which pairs with adenine in RNA
Uracil
152
The enzyme which puts together nucleotides to make a nucleic acid polymer
Polymerase
153
Bond that links amino acids
Peptide bond
154
The reactant on which an enzyme works
Substrate
155
Energy needed to get a reaction started
Activation energy
156
A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
Catalyst
157
1 Nitrogen atom and two hydrogen atoms bonded together
Amino group
158
Two functional groups attached to a single carbon atom, compounds containing these groups CREATE ACIDS
R - C = O
\ OH
Carboxyl group
159
An atom or group of atoms that is responsible for the specific properties of an organic compound (R)
Functional group
160
The location in the enzyme that substrates fits within
Active site
161
Change the shape of an enzyme so it can no longer speed up reaction
Denatured
162
Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells (gametes) join to form a new cell
Fertilization
163
One of different forms of a gene
Allele
164
Mendel's second conclusion, which states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive
Principle of dominance
165
Separation of alleles during formation of the gametes
Segregation
166
Sex cell
Gamete
167
Having two identical alleles for a particular gene, "AA" or "aa"
Homozygous
168
Having two different alleles for a particular gene
Heterozygous
169
One of Mendel's principles that states that genes for different traits can segregate INDEPENDENTLY during the formation of gametes, or the alleles in one gene don't affect what other alleles are in another gene during mitosis
Independent assortment
170
Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over the other
Incomplete dominance
171
Situation in which the phenotypes produced by both alleles are completely expressed
Codominance
172
A pattern of inheritance that has more than 2 alleles that can determine a phenotype, like blood type
Multiple allele
173
Trait controlled by two or more genes
Polygenic trait
174
Describes a matching set of chromosomes, one from each parent, "_________ pairs"
Homologous
175
Term used to refer to a cell that contains two sets of homologous chromosomes
Diploid
176
Term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes or genes
Haploid
177
Process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half trough the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell
Meiosis
178
Structure containing four chromatids that forms during meiosis
Tetrad
179
Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis
Crossing-over
180
Fertilized egg, occurs when gametes combine
Zygote
181
Principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine A and thymine T, and between guanine G and cytosine C
Base pairing
182
The main enzyme involved in DNA replication
DNA polymerase
183
Enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription using a DNA strand as a template
RNA polymerase
184
Group of three nucleotide bases in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid to be built into a protein
Codon
185
Type of RNA that carries copies instructions for the creation of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell, acts as a MESSENGER
Messenger RNA
186
Change in genetic material of a cell
Mutation
187
Chemical or physical agents in the environment that interact with DNA and may cause a mutation
Mutagen
188
Condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes
Polyploidy
189
Micrograph of the complete diploid set of chromosomes grouped together in pairs, arranged in order of decreasing size
Karyotype
190
One of two chromosomes that determine sex (usually X or Y)
Sex chromosome
191
Chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
Autosome
192
Gene located on a sex chromosome
Sex-linked gene
193
Chart that shows the presence or absence of a trait according to the relationships within a family across several generations
Pedigree
194
When the homologous chromosome pairs are separating but one gets stuck so the daughter cells have a DISJUNCTION of chromosomes
Nondisjunction
195
Enzyme that cuts DNA into pieces at a sequence of nucleotides
Restriction enzyme
196
Technique used to separate DNA fragments according to their size, DNA samples are loaded into wells, an electric current is applied, and the negatively charged DNA fragments are attracted to the positive electrode and are pulled through the gel
Gel electrophoresis
197
Method of breeding that allows only those organisms with desired traits
Selective breeding
198
Small, circular piece of DNA located in the cytoplasm of many bacteria
Plasmid
199
DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources
Recombinant DNA
200
Alleles/genes that produce detectable phenotypic differences in useful genetic analysis, used to tell which bacteria or other organism carries recombinant DNA, it MARKS a part of DNA
Genetic marker
201
Process of changing a gene to treat a medical disease or disorder, an absent or faulty gene is replaced by a normal working gene
Gene therapy
202
Tool used by biologists that analyzes an individual's unique collection of DNA restriction fragments, determine whether two samples of genetic material are from the same person
DNA fingerprinting
203
Printout of the electrical activity of a patients heart
Electrocardiogram
204
Image of the heart made by using sound waves
Echochardiogram
205
Shows cross sections of the body
CT scan
206
Chained structure of DNA that is found in the nucleus of cells
Chromosome
207
The science of managing and analyzing biological data using advanced computers, especially important in analyzing genomic research data
Bioinformatics
208
The use of DNA for indetification
Forensics
209
A map of the relative positions of genes on a chromosome
Genetic map
210
The cellular organelle that contains most of the genetic material
Nucleus
211
In a nucleic acid chain, a subunit that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base
Nucleotide
212
A nitrogenous base that has a double-ring structure, one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA, either adenine or guanine
Purine
213
A nitrogenous base that has a single-ring structure, one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA, thymine, cytosine, or uracil, binds with Purines
Pyrimidine
214
An enzyme that separates DNA strands
Helicase
215
Y-shape of DNA created by helicase so it can be replicated
Replication fork
216
DNA replication where one strand of the helix is original, the other is new
Semi-conservative replication
217
The process of forming a nucleic acid by using another molecule as a template, particularly the process of synthesizing RNA by using one strand of a DNA molecule as a template
Transcription
218
The portion of protein synthesis that takes place at ribosomes and that uses the codons in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains
Translation
219
The formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by RNA
Protein synthesis
220
A five-carbon sugar present in RNA (RIBOnucleic acid)
Ribose
221
An organelle that contains most of the RNA in the cell and that is responsible for ribosome function, ribosomal RNA
rRNA
222
Transfers amino acids to the ribosome to make protein
tRNA
223
A nucleotide sequence on DNA that tells (promotes) where RNA polymerase needs to work, acts as a binding site
Promoter
224
A specific sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of a gene, SIGNALS TERMINATION
Termination signal
225
A region of a tRNA molecule that consists of a sequence of three bases that is complementary to an mRNA codon
Anticodon
226
Strain of bacteria's ability to infect a host
Virulence
227
TRANSFER of genetic material (plasmid) from one cell to another cell or from one organism to another organism
Transformation
228
Viruses that infect bacteria, the funny alien lookin' thing with legs that sticks into the bacteria and it looks weird
Bacteriophage
229
3 major renal functions
Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion
230
Filtration of blood in the kidneys
Glomerular filtration
231
Process that moves solutes and water after filtration into the blood stream
Tubular reabsorption
232
Elimination of waste, regulation of acid/base balance, occurs in kidneys
Tubular secretion
233
45% of plasma, primary test for renal function
Urea
234
10% of plasma, an acid that is secondary for assessing renal function
Uric acid
235
5% of plasma, primary test for renal function, waste product of creatine phosphate from muscle and protein metabolisms, creatine supplies energy to muscles
Creatinine
236
1-2% of plasma, not used to assess renal function
Creatine
237
A disorder where an error in purine metabolism causes an overproduction in uric acid
Lesch Nyhan disorder
238
Fluid portion of blood
Plasma
239
Clear fluid portion of blood after clotting, basically plasma without clotting factors
Serum
240
When a centrifuge spins a blood sample into plasma, red blood, and this, it contains white blood cells and platelets
Buffy coat
241
HGB count
Hemoglobin count
242
MCV, measures size of red blood cells
Mean corpuscular volume
243
MCH, measures weight of hemoglobin in average RBC
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
244
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
MCHC, measures amount of hemoglobin per average RBC
245
Immature RBC, can be sent into the blood stream as a response to anemia
Reticulocytes
246
Anisocytosis
Variation in size of RBC, normal for cattle
247
Cells smaller than normal
Microcytic
248
Cells larger than normal
Macrocytic
249
Changes in RBC shape, caused by another health condition
Poikilocytosis
250
Multiple, irregular, thorn projections from cell surface
Acanthocyte
251
Numerous, rounded, evenly distributed projections from cell surface, caused by water loss by osmosis, like they look spiky but dried up because they don't have enough water
Crenated cells
252
Makes RBC appear another color, bone marrow makes and releases immature RBC in response to anemia
Polycromasia
253
Cells have less color than normal, caused by iron deficiency (decreased hemoglobin)
Hypochromatic
254
When a cell STAINS DARKER because of MORE chromosomes in its nucleus, does not occur in RBC
Hyperchromatic
255
Groupings of RBCs that resemble stacked coins
Rouleaux
256
Clumping of RBCs as a response to specific antibodies, would happen if a person with B- blood type receives any blood with A or Rh+ proteins, life threatening
Agglutination
257
White blood cells that stain reddish-orange, and control allergic or anaphylactic hypersensitivity reactions
Eosinophils
258
Type of white blood cell that stains bluish-purple, prevents clotting and works against pathogens and parasites, nucleus is similar to monocytes
Basophils
259
White blood cells that respond to any infection, have clear granules, make up 50% to 75% of white blood cells, constantly produced by bone marrow because of short life span.
Neutrophils
260
White blood cells that have segmented nuclei
-phils
261
have round or oval nuclei
-cytes
262
Immature WBCs are present, indicates many neutrophils are being consumed at the site of infection
Left shift
263
The biggest of the leukocytes, find and destroy viruses, bacteria, and infected cells
Monocytes
264
Small leukocyte, 20% to 40% of WBCs, occur especially in the lymphatic system
Lymphocytes
265
Test preformed when unexplainable results are present in complete blood count (CBC)
Bone marrow evaluation
266
Trauma to vessel occurs, first part of clotting process
Constriction of blood vessel
267
Platelets release chemicals that trigger the clotting cascade until clot is formed, second in the clotting process
Formation of platelet plug
268
Choosing the traits of unborn children
Eugenics
269
Circulating plasma proteins, they help form clots to stop bleeding
Clotting factors
