BioMed Lab Flashcards
Yes I copied half of this from Quizlet, it's for personal use anyway
Proteins developed by the immune system that counteract antigens
Antibodies
Applying scientific knowledge to make a practical solution
Applied science
The study of decision making as it applies to the morals of biology, medicine, and technology
Bioethics
The manipulation of living things and their molecules, cells, tissues, or organs
Biotechnology
CDC, national research center for developing and applying disease prevention and control, and health education to improve public health
Center for Disease Control and Prevention
Experimental trial added to demonstrate positive or negative control, and to ensure the experiment works properly
Control Group
Genetic disorder that clogs respiratory and digestive systems with mucus
Cystic Fibrosis
Enzyme that binds together disconnected strands of DNA
DNA ligase
Rod-shaped bacterium native to animal intestines, used in genetics and biotechnology
E. Coli
EPA, federal agency that enforces environmental laws including the use and protection of microorganisms, herbicides, pesticides, and GMOs
Environmental Protect Agency
FDA, federal agency that regulates the use and production of food, drugs, and medical devices
Food and Drug Administration
Organisms that contain DNA from another organisms and produce new proteins encoded on the new DNA
Genetically Modified Organisms
Educated guess to a scientific questions, must be testable
Hypothesis
Study of molecules found in cells
Molecular Biology
Conviction or justifiable position, having to do with whether something is considered right or wrong
Moral
A group of data lacking what is being tested to give negative results
Negative control
NIH, federal agency that funds and conducts biomedical research
National Institutes of Health
Relating to drugs developed for medical use
Pharmaceutical
Technique involving copying short pieces of DNA and making millions of copies in a short time
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A group of data that will give predictable positive results
Positive control
Proteins whose function is to break down other proteins
Proteases
Scientific research whose main purpose is to enrich the scientific knowledge base
Pure science
Chemical or substance used in an experiment
Reagent
DNA created by combining DNA from two or more sources
Recombinant DNA (rDNA)
Cutting and recombining DNA molecules
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology
Refers to the early stages in product development that include discovery of the structure and function of a potential product and initial small-scale production
Research and development
Agent used to treat diseases or disorders
Therapeutic
Tissue plasminogen activator, one of the first genetically engineered products to be sold, naturally occurring enzyme that breaks down blood clots and blocked blood vessels
t-PA
USDA, federal agency that regulates the use and production of plants, plant products, vet supplies and meds, and GMOs
United States Department of Agriculture
Anything that can vary in an experiment
Variable
Molecular agents derived from fungi and/or bacteria that impede the growth and survival of some other microorganisms
Antibiotics
Study of chemical reactions occurring in living things
Biochemistry
Strict series of tests that evaluates the effectiveness and safety of a medical treatment
Clinical trials
Method of asexual reproduction that produces identical organisms
Cloning
Amount of substance as a proportion of another substance
Concentration
Information gathered by documentation
Data
DNA, double stranded helix molecule that stores genetic information for the production of proteins
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Disorder affecting the uptake of sugar by cells due to inadequate insulin production
Diabetes
The ability to yield a desired result or demonstrate that a product does what it claims to do
Efficacy
A process by which, in an oxygen deprived environment, a cell converts sugar into lactic acid or ethanol
Fermentation
The study of genes and how they are inherited and expresses
Genetics
One entire set of an organism’s genetic makeup
Genome
Synonym for microorganisms, includes bacteria, most algae, and many fungi
Microbial agents
Collaborative international effort to sequence and map all the DNA on the 23 human chromosomes, “completed” in 2000
Human Genome Project
A protein that facilitates the uptake of sugar into cells from blood
Insulin
Scientific periodicals or magazines in which scientists publish their experimental work, findings, or conclusions
Journals
The manufacturing of large volumes of a product
Large-scale production
An instrument that measures the amount of type of light emitted
Fluorometer
A living thing
Organism
Cell biology
Cytology
Composed of more than one cell
Multicellular
The structure and organization of living things
Anatomy
The processes and functions of living things
Physiology
The breaking down of food molecules with the result of generating energy for the cell
Respiration
Composed of one cell
Unicellular
A group of cells that function together
Tissue
Tissues that act together to form a specific function in an organism
Organ
One of four macromolecules, functional polypeptides that conduct various functions within and around a cell
Proteins
A cell that contains membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryote
An organism belonging to the kingdom Protista, which includes protozoans, slime molds, and certain algae
Protist
Specialized microscopic factories, each with specific jobs in the cell
Organelles
The membrane-bound organelles that are responsible for generation cellular energy
Mitochondria
A simple carbohydrate molecule composed of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen
Sugar
Polysaccharide that is composed of many glucose molecules
Starch
A class of macromolecules that directs the synthesis of all other cellular molecules
Nucleic acids
One of four macromolecules, includes fats, waxes, steroids and oils
Lipids
An organ that secretes digestive fluid, as well as insulin
Pancreas
A molecule that acts to regulate cellular functions
Hormone
The green-pigmented molecules found in plant cells, used for photosynthesis
Chlorophyll
A process by which plants or algae use light energy to make chemical energy
Photosynthesis
The specialized organelles in plants responsible for photosynthesis
Chloroplast
A gel like fluid of thousands of molecules suspended in water, outside the nucleus
Cytoplasm
A membrane-bound organelle that is responsible for the breakdown of cellular waste
Lysosome
The organelle in a cell where proteins are made
Ribosome
A specialized organelle surrounding the cells of plants, bacteria, and some fungi, gives support around the outer boundary of the cell
Cell wall
A structural polysaccharide that is found in plant cell walls
Cellulose
A specialized organelle of the cell that regulated the movement of materials into and out of the cell
Plasma membrane
A 6-carbon sugar that is produced during photosynthetic reactions, usual form of carbohydrate, used by animals, including humans
Glucose
ATP, a nucleotide that serves as an energy storing molecule
Adenosine triphosphate
The long strands of DNA intertwined with protein molecules
Chromosomes
A protein that functions to speed up chemical reactions
Enzyme
The molecules that are colored due to the reflection of light of specific wavelengths
Pigments
A class of RNA molecules responsible for transferring genetic information from the chromosomes to ribosomes where proteins are made
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
The subunits of proteins, each contains a central carbon atom attached to an amino group, and a distinctive “R” group
Amino acids
A strand of amino acids connected to each other through peptide bonds
Polypeptide
An animal cell line commonly used in biotechnology studies
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells
African green monkey kidney epithelial cells, commonly used in lab testing
Vero cells
Human epithelial cells
HeLa cells
A cell that lacks membrane bound organelles
Prokaryote
Utilizing oxygen to release the energy from sugar molecules
Aerobic respiration
Releasing the energy from sugar molecules in the absence of oxygen
Anaerobic respiration
A large molecule usually composed of smaller repeating units chained together
Macromolecule
Molecules that contain carbon and only produced in living things
Organic
One of four classes of macromolecules, organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, in a 1:2:1 ratio
Carbohydrates
A protein network in cytoplasm that gives the cells structural support
Cytoskeleton
The repeating units that make up polymers
Monomers
A large molecule made up of many repeating subunits
Polymer
The monomer unit that cells use to build polysaccharides, also known as a “single sugar” or “simple sugar”
Monosaccharide
A polymer that consists of two sugar molecules
Disaccharide
A long polymer composed of many simple sugar monomers
Polysaccharide
Fruit sugar
Fructose
Table sugar, composed of fructose and glucose
Sucrose
Milk sugar, composed of glucose and galactose
Lactose
A plant starch with unbranched, staright, glucose chains
Amylose
A plant starch with branded glucose chains, made in amyloplasts
Amylopectin
An animal starch made of GLUCOSE CHAINS, main source of energy that the body stores
Glyocogen
The process by which cells break down glucose to create other energy molecules
Cellular respiration
Repelled by water
Hydrophobic
A group of lipids that includes animal fat and plant oils, when you eat, unused calories are stored as this kind of lipid in fat cells
Triglycerides
A class of lipids that are primarily found in cell membranes of the cell
Phospholipids
Having an attraction for water
Hydrophilic
A group of lipids whose functions include acting as HORMONES(!!!), venom, and pigments
Steroids
The chemical side-group of an amino acid; in nature, there are 20 different R groups that are found on amino acids
R group
The maromolecule that functions in the conversion of genetic instructions (DNA) into proteins, RNA
Ribonucleic acid
The monomer subunits of nucleic acids
Nucleotides
Transported by air
Airborne
The state of being free of pathogenic organisms
Asepsis
An apparatus for sterilizing that uses super heated steam under pressure
Autoclave
Unicellular prokaryotic organisms, disease causing agents
Bacteria
Any material that has been in contact with body fluids and is capable of transmitting disease
Biohazardous
Capable of being transported in blood
Bloodborne
CLIA
Clinical laboratory improvement amendments
Able to be transmitted by contact
Communicable
The destruction of pathogenic microorganisms by direct exposure to chemicals or heat
Disinfection
An infection acquired by inhaling droplets of saliva or sputum containing viruses
Droplet infection
Relation to feces
Fecal
Plant life adapted for living in a specific environment
Flora
Cellular organisms that subsist on organic matter
Fungi
The study of health and observance of health rules
Hygiene
The interval between exposure to infection and the appearance of the first symptom
Incubation
Diagnostic and treatment procedures involving entry into living tissue
Invasive
A feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness,
Malaise
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administrations
PPE
Personal protective equipment
Simple discomfort known as itching
Pruritic
A small collection of pus on top layer of skin or beneath
Pustular
Gram-negative intracellular parasitic bacteria
Rickettsiae
Revival from potential or apparent death
Resuscitation
Washing and scrubbing to remove contaminations
Sanitation
Sudden attacks of pain and disease
Seizures
The length of time that a wrapped instrument will remain sterile after processing
Shelf life
Guidelines for the prevention of infectious diseases
Standard precaution
Disease-evoking power of a pathogen
Virulence
Two lines that run parallel, but in opposite directions
Antiparallel
A type of bond which is very weak, but strong when there are many holds together the two strands of DNA
Hydrogen bond
A, T, C, G, molecules which form the “rungs” of the DNA ladder
Base
The base that always pairs with thymine
Adenine
The base that always pairs with adenine
Thymine
The base that always pairs with guanine
Cytosine
The base that always pairs with cytosine
Guanine
Matching, pairing with
Complementary
The base which pairs with adenine in RNA
Uracil
The enzyme which puts together nucleotides to make a nucleic acid polymer
Polymerase
Bond that links amino acids
Peptide bond
The reactant on which an enzyme works
Substrate
Energy needed to get a reaction started
Activation energy
A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
Catalyst
1 Nitrogen atom and two hydrogen atoms bonded together
Amino group
Two functional groups attached to a single carbon atom, compounds containing these groups CREATE ACIDS
R - C = O
\ OH
Carboxyl group
An atom or group of atoms that is responsible for the specific properties of an organic compound (R)
Functional group
The location in the enzyme that substrates fits within
Active site
Change the shape of an enzyme so it can no longer speed up reaction
Denatured
Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells (gametes) join to form a new cell
Fertilization
One of different forms of a gene
Allele
Mendel’s second conclusion, which states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive
Principle of dominance
Separation of alleles during formation of the gametes
Segregation
Sex cell
Gamete
Having two identical alleles for a particular gene, “AA” or “aa”
Homozygous
Having two different alleles for a particular gene
Heterozygous
One of Mendel’s principles that states that genes for different traits can segregate INDEPENDENTLY during the formation of gametes, or the alleles in one gene don’t affect what other alleles are in another gene during mitosis
Independent assortment
Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over the other
Incomplete dominance
Situation in which the phenotypes produced by both alleles are completely expressed
Codominance
A pattern of inheritance that has more than 2 alleles that can determine a phenotype, like blood type
Multiple allele
Trait controlled by two or more genes
Polygenic trait
Describes a matching set of chromosomes, one from each parent, “_________ pairs”
Homologous
Term used to refer to a cell that contains two sets of homologous chromosomes
Diploid
Term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes or genes
Haploid
Process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half trough the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell
Meiosis
Structure containing four chromatids that forms during meiosis
Tetrad
Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis
Crossing-over
Fertilized egg, occurs when gametes combine
Zygote
Principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine A and thymine T, and between guanine G and cytosine C
Base pairing
The main enzyme involved in DNA replication
DNA polymerase
Enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription using a DNA strand as a template
RNA polymerase
Group of three nucleotide bases in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid to be built into a protein
Codon
Type of RNA that carries copies instructions for the creation of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell, acts as a MESSENGER
Messenger RNA
Change in genetic material of a cell
Mutation
Chemical or physical agents in the environment that interact with DNA and may cause a mutation
Mutagen
Condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes
Polyploidy
Micrograph of the complete diploid set of chromosomes grouped together in pairs, arranged in order of decreasing size
Karyotype
One of two chromosomes that determine sex (usually X or Y)
Sex chromosome
Chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
Autosome
Gene located on a sex chromosome
Sex-linked gene
Chart that shows the presence or absence of a trait according to the relationships within a family across several generations
Pedigree
When the homologous chromosome pairs are separating but one gets stuck so the daughter cells have a DISJUNCTION of chromosomes
Nondisjunction
Enzyme that cuts DNA into pieces at a sequence of nucleotides
Restriction enzyme
Technique used to separate DNA fragments according to their size, DNA samples are loaded into wells, an electric current is applied, and the negatively charged DNA fragments are attracted to the positive electrode and are pulled through the gel
Gel electrophoresis
Method of breeding that allows only those organisms with desired traits
Selective breeding
Small, circular piece of DNA located in the cytoplasm of many bacteria
Plasmid
DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources
Recombinant DNA
Alleles/genes that produce detectable phenotypic differences in useful genetic analysis, used to tell which bacteria or other organism carries recombinant DNA, it MARKS a part of DNA
Genetic marker
Process of changing a gene to treat a medical disease or disorder, an absent or faulty gene is replaced by a normal working gene
Gene therapy
Tool used by biologists that analyzes an individual’s unique collection of DNA restriction fragments, determine whether two samples of genetic material are from the same person
DNA fingerprinting
Printout of the electrical activity of a patients heart
Electrocardiogram
Image of the heart made by using sound waves
Echochardiogram
Shows cross sections of the body
CT scan
Chained structure of DNA that is found in the nucleus of cells
Chromosome
The science of managing and analyzing biological data using advanced computers, especially important in analyzing genomic research data
Bioinformatics
The use of DNA for indetification
Forensics
A map of the relative positions of genes on a chromosome
Genetic map
The cellular organelle that contains most of the genetic material
Nucleus
In a nucleic acid chain, a subunit that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base
Nucleotide
A nitrogenous base that has a double-ring structure, one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA, either adenine or guanine
Purine
A nitrogenous base that has a single-ring structure, one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA, thymine, cytosine, or uracil, binds with Purines
Pyrimidine
An enzyme that separates DNA strands
Helicase
Y-shape of DNA created by helicase so it can be replicated
Replication fork
DNA replication where one strand of the helix is original, the other is new
Semi-conservative replication
The process of forming a nucleic acid by using another molecule as a template, particularly the process of synthesizing RNA by using one strand of a DNA molecule as a template
Transcription
The portion of protein synthesis that takes place at ribosomes and that uses the codons in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains
Translation
The formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by RNA
Protein synthesis
A five-carbon sugar present in RNA (RIBOnucleic acid)
Ribose
An organelle that contains most of the RNA in the cell and that is responsible for ribosome function, ribosomal RNA
rRNA
Transfers amino acids to the ribosome to make protein
tRNA
A nucleotide sequence on DNA that tells (promotes) where RNA polymerase needs to work, acts as a binding site
Promoter
A specific sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of a gene, SIGNALS TERMINATION
Termination signal
A region of a tRNA molecule that consists of a sequence of three bases that is complementary to an mRNA codon
Anticodon
Strain of bacteria’s ability to infect a host
Virulence
TRANSFER of genetic material (plasmid) from one cell to another cell or from one organism to another organism
Transformation
Viruses that infect bacteria, the funny alien lookin’ thing with legs that sticks into the bacteria and it looks weird
Bacteriophage
3 major renal functions
Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion
Filtration of blood in the kidneys
Glomerular filtration
Process that moves solutes and water after filtration into the blood stream
Tubular reabsorption
Elimination of waste, regulation of acid/base balance, occurs in kidneys
Tubular secretion
45% of plasma, primary test for renal function
Urea
10% of plasma, an acid that is secondary for assessing renal function
Uric acid
5% of plasma, primary test for renal function, waste product of creatine phosphate from muscle and protein metabolisms, creatine supplies energy to muscles
Creatinine
1-2% of plasma, not used to assess renal function
Creatine
A disorder where an error in purine metabolism causes an overproduction in uric acid
Lesch Nyhan disorder
Fluid portion of blood
Plasma
Clear fluid portion of blood after clotting, basically plasma without clotting factors
Serum
When a centrifuge spins a blood sample into plasma, red blood, and this, it contains white blood cells and platelets
Buffy coat
HGB count
Hemoglobin count
MCV, measures size of red blood cells
Mean corpuscular volume
MCH, measures weight of hemoglobin in average RBC
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
MCHC, measures amount of hemoglobin per average RBC
Immature RBC, can be sent into the blood stream as a response to anemia
Reticulocytes
Anisocytosis
Variation in size of RBC, normal for cattle
Cells smaller than normal
Microcytic
Cells larger than normal
Macrocytic
Changes in RBC shape, caused by another health condition
Poikilocytosis
Multiple, irregular, thorn projections from cell surface
Acanthocyte
Numerous, rounded, evenly distributed projections from cell surface, caused by water loss by osmosis, like they look spiky but dried up because they don’t have enough water
Crenated cells
Makes RBC appear another color, bone marrow makes and releases immature RBC in response to anemia
Polycromasia
Cells have less color than normal, caused by iron deficiency (decreased hemoglobin)
Hypochromatic
When a cell STAINS DARKER because of MORE chromosomes in its nucleus, does not occur in RBC
Hyperchromatic
Groupings of RBCs that resemble stacked coins
Rouleaux
Clumping of RBCs as a response to specific antibodies, would happen if a person with B- blood type receives any blood with A or Rh+ proteins, life threatening
Agglutination
White blood cells that stain reddish-orange, and control allergic or anaphylactic hypersensitivity reactions
Eosinophils
Type of white blood cell that stains bluish-purple, prevents clotting and works against pathogens and parasites, nucleus is similar to monocytes
Basophils
White blood cells that respond to any infection, have clear granules, make up 50% to 75% of white blood cells, constantly produced by bone marrow because of short life span.
Neutrophils
White blood cells that have segmented nuclei
-phils
have round or oval nuclei
-cytes
Immature WBCs are present, indicates many neutrophils are being consumed at the site of infection
Left shift
The biggest of the leukocytes, find and destroy viruses, bacteria, and infected cells
Monocytes
Small leukocyte, 20% to 40% of WBCs, occur especially in the lymphatic system
Lymphocytes
Test preformed when unexplainable results are present in complete blood count (CBC)
Bone marrow evaluation
Trauma to vessel occurs, first part of clotting process
Constriction of blood vessel
Platelets release chemicals that trigger the clotting cascade until clot is formed, second in the clotting process
Formation of platelet plug
Choosing the traits of unborn children
Eugenics
Circulating plasma proteins, they help form clots to stop bleeding
Clotting factors
