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BMSc > Biomechanics unit 4 > Flashcards

Biomechanics unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

5 parts of the upper limb

A

shoulder girdle, arm, forearm, wrist and hand

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2
Q

What is the shoulder girdle make up of

A

clavicle and scapula

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3
Q

which bones form the arm

A

humerus

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4
Q

which bones form the forearm

A

radius and ulna

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5
Q

bones forming the hand

A

metacarpals and phalanges

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6
Q

bones forming the wrist

A

8 carpal bones

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7
Q

3 major joints in upper limb

A

shoulder, elbow and wrist

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8
Q

Major function of the upper limb

A

position the hand in space. Designed to achieve a wide range of movement rather than for weight bearing

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9
Q

Whats the spine made up of

A

24 vertebra, sacrum and coccyx

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10
Q

What is the shoulder joint formed by

A

Humerus, shoulder girdle and thorax

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11
Q

4 articulations of shoulder joint

A

glenohumeral, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular (all synovial) and scapulothoracic (bone on muscle on bone articulation)

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12
Q

What type of joint is glenohumeral

A

ball and socket- humeral head and glenoid fossa of scapula

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13
Q

What feature of glenoid fossa allows wide range of motion

A

It is shallow- makes it less stable

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14
Q

What aids stability of the glenohumeral joint

A

thick cartilaginous rim- glenoid labrum

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15
Q

Name of muscle group that forms a cuff of tissue around the glenohumeral articulation

A

rotator cuff- subscapularis, infraspinatus, supraspinatus and teres minor

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16
Q

What does the rotator cuff do

A

pushes on humeral head- preventing any AP movement - stabilising the joint

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17
Q

AC joint

A

Acromion of scapula and distal clavicle. Stabilised by sup and inf arcromioclavicular ligaments. Coracoclavicular ligament provides further stability- limits upward movement

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18
Q

sternoclavicular joint

A

small synovial joint- manubrium of sternum and proximal clavicle- connects shoulder girdle to trunk

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19
Q

What happens to clavicle during arm elevation

A

elevates as sc joint

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20
Q

Scapulothoracic articulation

A

scapula and posterior thoracic wall- contributes significantly to wide range of motion of scapula

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21
Q

What separates anterior surface of scapula from posterior thoracic wall

A

serratus anterior and subscapularis muscles

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22
Q

ligament about which the clavicle rotates during elevation and depression

A

costoclavicular ligament

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23
Q

Which muscle prevents scapula winging

A

serratus anterior

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24
Q

Shoulder elevation in sagittal plane

A

forward flexion

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25
shoulder elevation in coronal plane
abduction
26
Shoulder motion in the transverse (horizontal) plane
horizontal flexion and extension
27
Most common shoulder dislocation
anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral articulation
28
Elbow joint
distal surface of the humerus and proximal articular surfaces of forearm bones, radius and ulna
29
3 synovial articulations of elbow
humeroradial articulation, humeroulnar articulation and proximal radioulnar articulation
30
humeroradial articulation
capitellum of distal humerus and head of radius
31
humeroulnar
trochlea of distal humerus and trochlear fossa of proximal ulna
32
proximal radioulnar articulation
head of radius and radial notch of proximal ulna
33
flexion and extension of elbow
humeroradial and humeroulnar articulations
34
axis of rotation of elbow
passes through trochlea and is roughly parallel to line joining lateral and medial epicondyles of humerus
35
range of flexion and extension of elbow
around 140 degrees
36
pronation and supination
allowed by proximal radioulnar articulation- rotation of head of the radius in the radial notch of the ulna in a pivot like manner- occurs in the annular ligament
37
what does annular ligament do
binds radius to the ulna
38
stability of elbow
mechanically stable joint- olecranon process resists forces in the AP and PA directions. Two collateral ligaments provide side to side stability- medial collateral is most important- resistance to abduction
39
what muscle assist the lateral collateral ligament of elbow
anconeus muscle
40
joint forces at the elbow
joint forces are high- large muscle forces that need to be generated to perform activities- because moment arms are small
41
wrist joint
distal radius, structures within ulnocarpal space, carpal bones and proximal ends of the metacarpals
42
carpal bones in rows
proximal row- triquetrum, lunate, scaphoid distal row- hamate, capitiate, trapezoid, trapezium. 8th carpal bone, pisiform, is positioned anteriorly to the triquetrum
43
which carpal bone is easily palpated
pisiform- anteriorly on little finger side of hand
44
insertion point of flexor carpi ulnaris
pisiform
45
stability of wrist
stability derived from intricate ligamentous structures
46
how is lever arm of flexor carpi ulnas increased
by the pisiform bone
47
articulations of wrist
radoiocarpal joint, mid carpal joints, carpometacarpal joints and inter carpal joints
48
radoiocarpal joint
lunate and scaphoid articulate with distal end of radius- condyloid joint- allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction
49
ulna articulation
triquetrum articulates with distal ulna- via triangular shaped inter-articular disc which occupies ulnocarpal space- attached to styloid process of ulna
50
motion of wrist
flexion- hand tilting forwards extension- tilting backwards abdution - tilting out adduction- inwards
51
at which articulation does most wrist extension occur
radoiocarpal joint
52
most functional position for an immobilised wrist joint
fixed extension at 15degrees
53
the hand
5 metatarsal and 14 phalanges
54
articulations of hand
``` carpometacarpal joints inter metacarpal metacarpophalangeal proximal interphalangeal distal interphalangeal ```
55
cmc joints
carpal bones of wrist and metacarpals of hands
56
most freely moving carpometacarpal joint
first cmc joint, between the trapezium and the first metacarpal at the base of the thumb- allows thumb to oppose the fingers giving lots of dexterity
57
What type of joint is the first cmc joint
saddle joint- allows first metacarpal to flex, extend, abduct and adduct
58
what shares the carpometacarpal joint capsule
inter carpal joints
59
what type of joints are MCP joints
condyloid joints- formed by rounded distal heads of metacarpals and concave proximal ends of phalanges- form knuckles of hand
60
ligaments of mcps
strong collateral ligaments, thumb strengthened by an additional dorsal ligament
61
what type of joints are pip and dip
hinge joints- flexion and extension
62
how many ip joints are there in the thumb
1
63
range of motion of carpometacarpal joints
2nd and third basically immobile, 4th and 5th small amount of flexion and extension
64
MCP joints range of motion
flexion extension abduction adduction
65
pip and dip
only flexion and extension
66
how does max amount of flexion at map joint vary forefinger to finger
generally decreases from 5th to second joint
67
motion of thumb
flexion extension abduction adduction rotation
68
flexion of dip joints
flexor digitorum profundus- ant aspect of ulna
69
what happens as wrist changes position
alters functional lengths of muscles that cross it- e.g. harder to flex fingers when wrist is bent
70
spine
24 vertebrae, sacrum and coccyx
71
5 regions of spine
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
72
features of vertebrae
vertebral body, neural arch, spinal foramen, spinous process, two transverse processes
73
At how many points does each vertebra articulate with its adjacent vertebra
3- main articulation is at vertebral body via intervertebral disc, also 2 facet joints (synovial joints at either side of the arch)
74
Role of intervertebral discs
bearing and distributing loads and restraining excessive motion
75
what are iv discs made up of
outer annulus fibrosis and inner nucleus pulposus
76
Nucleus pulposus
lies directly in the centre except in lumbar segments where it lies slightly posterior. Formed by strongly hydrophilic gel that is enmeshed in a random collagen matrix. Hydrophilic gel produces a high water content and elevated nucleus pressure- balances compressive stress
77
what happens to nucleus pulposis when applied stress is increased
water is driven out of the disc until a new steady state is reached
78
annul fibrosis
tough layer composed of collagen fibres forming concentric lamellae with alternating orientations of collagen fibres- resists high bending and torsional loads
79
How do atlas and axis differ from other vertebrae
atlas- no body | axis- articular process called the dens- atlas rotates about the dens
80
thoracic vertebrae
12 vertebrae attached to a pair of ribs- articulates with body and transverse process. 2nd - 9th ribs articulate with body of vertebrae above- allowing ribs to move up and down as we breathe
81
lumbar spine
5 lumbar vertebrae
82
sacrum
triangular shaped bone- fusion of sacral vertebrae
83
coccyx
fusion of vertebrae
84
range of motion of spine
large. flexion, extension (greatest in c spine), lateral bending, rotation
85
loadings on the spine
mainly due to weight of upper body- lumbar sound carries highest loadings (larger vertebra)
86
what increases load on vertebrae
bad posture
87
what happens to loading on the spine as moment arm of upper body weight increases
loading on spine increases

BMSc (9 decks)

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