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BMSc > Biomechanics unit 4 > Flashcards

Biomechanics unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

5 parts of the upper limb

A

shoulder girdle, arm, forearm, wrist and hand

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2
Q

What is the shoulder girdle make up of

A

clavicle and scapula

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3
Q

which bones form the arm

A

humerus

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4
Q

which bones form the forearm

A

radius and ulna

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5
Q

bones forming the hand

A

metacarpals and phalanges

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6
Q

bones forming the wrist

A

8 carpal bones

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7
Q

3 major joints in upper limb

A

shoulder, elbow and wrist

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8
Q

Major function of the upper limb

A

position the hand in space. Designed to achieve a wide range of movement rather than for weight bearing

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9
Q

Whats the spine made up of

A

24 vertebra, sacrum and coccyx

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10
Q

What is the shoulder joint formed by

A

Humerus, shoulder girdle and thorax

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11
Q

4 articulations of shoulder joint

A

glenohumeral, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular (all synovial) and scapulothoracic (bone on muscle on bone articulation)

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12
Q

What type of joint is glenohumeral

A

ball and socket- humeral head and glenoid fossa of scapula

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13
Q

What feature of glenoid fossa allows wide range of motion

A

It is shallow- makes it less stable

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14
Q

What aids stability of the glenohumeral joint

A

thick cartilaginous rim- glenoid labrum

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15
Q

Name of muscle group that forms a cuff of tissue around the glenohumeral articulation

A

rotator cuff- subscapularis, infraspinatus, supraspinatus and teres minor

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16
Q

What does the rotator cuff do

A

pushes on humeral head- preventing any AP movement - stabilising the joint

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17
Q

AC joint

A

Acromion of scapula and distal clavicle. Stabilised by sup and inf arcromioclavicular ligaments. Coracoclavicular ligament provides further stability- limits upward movement

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18
Q

sternoclavicular joint

A

small synovial joint- manubrium of sternum and proximal clavicle- connects shoulder girdle to trunk

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19
Q

What happens to clavicle during arm elevation

A

elevates as sc joint

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20
Q

Scapulothoracic articulation

A

scapula and posterior thoracic wall- contributes significantly to wide range of motion of scapula

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21
Q

What separates anterior surface of scapula from posterior thoracic wall

A

serratus anterior and subscapularis muscles

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22
Q

ligament about which the clavicle rotates during elevation and depression

A

costoclavicular ligament

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23
Q

Which muscle prevents scapula winging

A

serratus anterior

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24
Q

Shoulder elevation in sagittal plane

A

forward flexion

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25
Q

shoulder elevation in coronal plane

A

abduction

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26
Q

Shoulder motion in the transverse (horizontal) plane

A

horizontal flexion and extension

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27
Q

Most common shoulder dislocation

A

anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral articulation

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28
Q

Elbow joint

A

distal surface of the humerus and proximal articular surfaces of forearm bones, radius and ulna

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29
Q

3 synovial articulations of elbow

A

humeroradial articulation, humeroulnar articulation and proximal radioulnar articulation

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30
Q

humeroradial articulation

A

capitellum of distal humerus and head of radius

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31
Q

humeroulnar

A

trochlea of distal humerus and trochlear fossa of proximal ulna

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32
Q

proximal radioulnar articulation

A

head of radius and radial notch of proximal ulna

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33
Q

flexion and extension of elbow

A

humeroradial and humeroulnar articulations

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34
Q

axis of rotation of elbow

A

passes through trochlea and is roughly parallel to line joining lateral and medial epicondyles of humerus

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35
Q

range of flexion and extension of elbow

A

around 140 degrees

36
Q

pronation and supination

A

allowed by proximal radioulnar articulation- rotation of head of the radius in the radial notch of the ulna in a pivot like manner- occurs in the annular ligament

37
Q

what does annular ligament do

A

binds radius to the ulna

38
Q

stability of elbow

A

mechanically stable joint- olecranon process resists forces in the AP and PA directions. Two collateral ligaments provide side to side stability- medial collateral is most important- resistance to abduction

39
Q

what muscle assist the lateral collateral ligament of elbow

A

anconeus muscle

40
Q

joint forces at the elbow

A

joint forces are high- large muscle forces that need to be generated to perform activities- because moment arms are small

41
Q

wrist joint

A

distal radius, structures within ulnocarpal space, carpal bones and proximal ends of the metacarpals

42
Q

carpal bones in rows

A

proximal row- triquetrum, lunate, scaphoid
distal row- hamate, capitiate, trapezoid, trapezium. 8th carpal bone, pisiform, is positioned anteriorly to the triquetrum

43
Q

which carpal bone is easily palpated

A

pisiform- anteriorly on little finger side of hand

44
Q

insertion point of flexor carpi ulnaris

A

pisiform

45
Q

stability of wrist

A

stability derived from intricate ligamentous structures

46
Q

how is lever arm of flexor carpi ulnas increased

A

by the pisiform bone

47
Q

articulations of wrist

A

radoiocarpal joint, mid carpal joints, carpometacarpal joints and inter carpal joints

48
Q

radoiocarpal joint

A

lunate and scaphoid articulate with distal end of radius- condyloid joint- allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction

49
Q

ulna articulation

A

triquetrum articulates with distal ulna- via triangular shaped inter-articular disc which occupies ulnocarpal space- attached to styloid process of ulna

50
Q

motion of wrist

A

flexion- hand tilting forwards
extension- tilting backwards
abdution - tilting out
adduction- inwards

51
Q

at which articulation does most wrist extension occur

A

radoiocarpal joint

52
Q

most functional position for an immobilised wrist joint

A

fixed extension at 15degrees

53
Q

the hand

A

5 metatarsal and 14 phalanges

54
Q

articulations of hand

A 
carpometacarpal joints
inter metacarpal
metacarpophalangeal
proximal interphalangeal
distal interphalangeal
55
Q

cmc joints

A

carpal bones of wrist and metacarpals of hands

56
Q

most freely moving carpometacarpal joint

A

first cmc joint, between the trapezium and the first metacarpal at the base of the thumb- allows thumb to oppose the fingers giving lots of dexterity

57
Q

What type of joint is the first cmc joint

A

saddle joint- allows first metacarpal to flex, extend, abduct and adduct

58
Q

what shares the carpometacarpal joint capsule

A

inter carpal joints

59
Q

what type of joints are MCP joints

A

condyloid joints- formed by rounded distal heads of metacarpals and concave proximal ends of phalanges- form knuckles of hand

60
Q

ligaments of mcps

A

strong collateral ligaments, thumb strengthened by an additional dorsal ligament

61
Q

what type of joints are pip and dip

A

hinge joints- flexion and extension

62
Q

how many ip joints are there in the thumb

A

1

63
Q

range of motion of carpometacarpal joints

A

2nd and third basically immobile, 4th and 5th small amount of flexion and extension

64
Q

MCP joints range of motion

A

flexion extension abduction adduction

65
Q

pip and dip

A

only flexion and extension

66
Q

how does max amount of flexion at map joint vary forefinger to finger

A

generally decreases from 5th to second joint

67
Q

motion of thumb

A

flexion extension abduction adduction rotation

68
Q

flexion of dip joints

A

flexor digitorum profundus- ant aspect of ulna

69
Q

what happens as wrist changes position

A

alters functional lengths of muscles that cross it- e.g. harder to flex fingers when wrist is bent

70
Q

spine

A

24 vertebrae, sacrum and coccyx

71
Q

5 regions of spine

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

72
Q

features of vertebrae

A

vertebral body, neural arch, spinal foramen, spinous process, two transverse processes

73
Q

At how many points does each vertebra articulate with its adjacent vertebra

A

3- main articulation is at vertebral body via intervertebral disc, also 2 facet joints (synovial joints at either side of the arch)

74
Q

Role of intervertebral discs

A

bearing and distributing loads and restraining excessive motion

75
Q

what are iv discs made up of

A

outer annulus fibrosis and inner nucleus pulposus

76
Q

Nucleus pulposus

A

lies directly in the centre except in lumbar segments where it lies slightly posterior. Formed by strongly hydrophilic gel that is enmeshed in a random collagen matrix. Hydrophilic gel produces a high water content and elevated nucleus pressure- balances compressive stress

77
Q

what happens to nucleus pulposis when applied stress is increased

A

water is driven out of the disc until a new steady state is reached

78
Q

annul fibrosis

A

tough layer composed of collagen fibres forming concentric lamellae with alternating orientations of collagen fibres- resists high bending and torsional loads

79
Q

How do atlas and axis differ from other vertebrae

A

atlas- no body

axis- articular process called the dens- atlas rotates about the dens

80
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

12 vertebrae attached to a pair of ribs- articulates with body and transverse process. 2nd - 9th ribs articulate with body of vertebrae above- allowing ribs to move up and down as we breathe

81
Q

lumbar spine

A

5 lumbar vertebrae

82
Q

sacrum

A

triangular shaped bone- fusion of sacral vertebrae

83
Q

coccyx

A

fusion of vertebrae

84
Q

range of motion of spine

A

large. flexion, extension (greatest in c spine), lateral bending, rotation

85
Q

loadings on the spine

A

mainly due to weight of upper body- lumbar sound carries highest loadings (larger vertebra)

86
Q

what increases load on vertebrae

A

bad posture

87
Q

what happens to loading on the spine as moment arm of upper body weight increases

A

loading on spine increases

BMSc (9 decks)

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