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BMSc > Biomechanics unit 3 > Flashcards

Biomechanics unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

3 segments of the lower limb

A

thigh, leg and foot

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2
Q

3 major joints of the lower limb

A

hip, knee and ankle joints

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3
Q

2 Functions of the joints of the lower limb

A

movement and weight bearing

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4
Q

what type of joint is the hip joint

A

ball and socket synovial joint

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5
Q

What movements are allowed by the hip joint

A

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal and external rotation and circumduction

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6
Q

what is a joint capsule

A

a sleeve of tough fibrous connective tissue enclosing synovial joints

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7
Q

what produces synovial fluid

A

synovial membrane

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8
Q

what is synovial cavity filled with

A

synovial fluid

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9
Q

what does synovial fluid do

A

lubricated joints and provides nutrients to articular cartilage

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10
Q

why is the hip joint intrinsically stable

A

due to its shape, strong joint capsule and the surrounding ligaments and muscles

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11
Q

which plane is range of motion of hip greatest in

A

sagital plane- where flexion and extension occur

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12
Q

range of hip flexion

A

0-140 degrees

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13
Q

range of hip extension

A

0-20

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14
Q

range of hip abduction

A

0-30

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15
Q

range of hip adduction

A

0-25

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16
Q

hip external rotation

A

0-90

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17
Q

hip internal rotation

A

0-70

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18
Q

typically, what range of motion is required at the hip joint to stand up and sit down

A

110 degrees of flexion-extension, 20 of abduction- adduction and 15 of rotation

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19
Q

two articulations in the knee joint

A

tibiofemoral, patellofemoral

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20
Q

Describe proximal surface of tibia

A

Flat and covered with the menisci

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21
Q

describe menisci

A

two crescent shaped pieces of fibrocartilage that are attached to the tibia by tough short ligaments. They make top of tibia slightly concave which aids stability

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22
Q

functions of menisci

A

load distributors and shock absorbers

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23
Q

femoral condyles

A

two circular shaped condyles

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24
Q

trochlea

A

smooth anterior depression between the condyles

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25
intercondylar notch
where the trochlea develops
26
where are the cruciate ligaments lodged
intercondylar notch
27
what type of bone is the patella
sesamoid bone- bone found in a tendon- located in the quadriceps tendon
28
purpose of patellar ridge
guide the patella along the groove between the femoral condyles as the knee flexes and extends
29
does the fibula form part of the knee joint
no
30
What is the stability of the knee joint mainly derived from
the ligaments | quads and menisci also aid stability
31
what type of movement do the cruciate ligaments limit
forward and backward sliding of the femur on tibia and hyperextension
32
what is the knee joint surrounded by
tough fibrous joint capsule- thickened around the posterior on medial and lateral sides
33
what prevents abduction and adduction
medial and lateral collateral ligaments
34
motion of knee
hinge joint
35
how does the knees centre of rotation change in the sagittal plane as it flexes and extends
knee joints centre of rotation follows a semi circular path as it is flexed and extended
36
what is the screw home mechanism
describes the spiral motion of the knee as it flexes and extends
37
range of motion of knee in sagittal plane
flexion and extension- few degrees of extension to 140 flexion
38
range of motion of knee in frontal plane
abduction and adduction
39
range of motion of knee in transverse plane
internal and external rotation- range of motion increases with flexion
40
Function of patella
Assists knee extension by increasing lever arm of the quads muscle force by displacing the quads tendon
41
What provides the effort force required to maintain the knee joints position, overcoming the resistive forces the ground reaction force produced by the weight of the body acting behind the knee
quadriceps femoris
42
What happens if patella is removed
lever arm is reduced, force produced by quads muscle must increase considerably to provide required turning moment
43
What happens if menisci are removed
force no longer distributed but is concentrated in the area of contact between the tibia and femur- this increases the stress and will increase the likelihood of wear and joint damage
44
ankle joint
hinged synovial joint formed by distal ends of tibia and fibula and the talus. fibulotalar and distal tibiofibular
45
two bony prominences on lateral and medial sides of ankle joint
medial and lateral malleolus
46
what is lateral malleolus
distal end of the fibula
47
what is the medial malleolus
distal end of the tibia
48
is ankle joint intrinsically stable
yes
49
three most important ligaments of ankle joint
anterior inferior talofibular ligament, medial ligament and lateral ligament
50
ankle joint motion
hinge joint- motion primarily in the sagittal plane
51
flexion of ankle
dorsiflexion- 15 degrees
52
extension of ankle
plantar flexion- 30degrees
53
three parts of the foot
forefoot, mid foot and hind foot
54
which bones make up forefoot
phalanges and metatarsals
55
which bones make up the mid foot
cuboid, medial, intermediate and lateral uniforms and the navicular
56
which bones make up the hind foot
Talus and calcaneus
57
subtalar joint
articulation between the talus and the calcaneus
58
what movement foes subtler joint allow
inversion and eversion of the foot
59
Arches of the foot
5 longitudinal arches- extend from calcaneus along the five sets of tarsals and metatarsals. transverse arch runs across the foot
60
what is longitudinal arch supported by
plantar fascia
61
what is plantar fascia
heavy ligamentous structure that may only be elongated slightly when loaded
62
function of plantar fascia
cable between heel and toes and shock absorber
63
what happens to the plantar fascia when the toes are dorsiflexed
it is put under tension and the two ends of the foot are drawn together raising the longitudinal arches
64
reciprocal gait
gait commonly used for walking- lower limbs used alternatively to provide support and propulsion
65
when might swing through gait be used
when someone has broken their femur- crutches
66
gait analysis
clinical examination of the gait of a patient
67
Purposes of gait analysis
determine surgical intervention, quantify the severity of a disorder, determine the outcome of an operation, can also be used to ensure best alignment of artificial leg
68
gait labs
equipped with motion analysis systems, force plates, omg equipment
69
how do motion analysis systems work
most use cameras that only see special markers which are placed over prominent parts of the patients body. provided each marker is seen by 2 cameras- motion analysis system is able to calculate the position of each marker and reconstruct the movement
70
gait cycle
one stride, 2 steps - 1 by each of the lower limbs. Starts with heel contact and ends with the next heel contact of the same foot
71
stance phase
foot in contact with the ground- from heel contact to toe off
72
swing phase
foot looses contact with ground- toe off to next heel contact
73
double support
both feet in contact with the ground
74
events during gait cycle
heel contact, flat foot, mid stance, heel off, toe off, mid swing
75
what happens in foot drop
foot hangs down during swing phase- toes make contact with ground before heel
76
which lower limb has the greatest range of motion during reciprocal gait
hip
77
3 main pieces of equipment found in gait lab
motion analysis, force plates, emg
78
when does the peak amount of dorsiflexion occur during the gait cycle
peak amount of dorsiflexion occurs at around heel off
79
Peak amount of plantarflxion
foot flat and shortly after toe off
80
Ground reaction force
Foot exerts a force against the ground, ground reaction force is the equal and opposite force exerted by the ground
81
how do you measure ground reaction force
force plates
82
why do hamstrings contract at heel contact
to prevent the hyperextension of the knee

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