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BMSc > Biomechanics unit 3 > Flashcards

Biomechanics unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

3 segments of the lower limb

A

thigh, leg and foot

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2
Q

3 major joints of the lower limb

A

hip, knee and ankle joints

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3
Q

2 Functions of the joints of the lower limb

A

movement and weight bearing

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4
Q

what type of joint is the hip joint

A

ball and socket synovial joint

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5
Q

What movements are allowed by the hip joint

A

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal and external rotation and circumduction

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6
Q

what is a joint capsule

A

a sleeve of tough fibrous connective tissue enclosing synovial joints

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7
Q

what produces synovial fluid

A

synovial membrane

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8
Q

what is synovial cavity filled with

A

synovial fluid

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9
Q

what does synovial fluid do

A

lubricated joints and provides nutrients to articular cartilage

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10
Q

why is the hip joint intrinsically stable

A

due to its shape, strong joint capsule and the surrounding ligaments and muscles

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11
Q

which plane is range of motion of hip greatest in

A

sagital plane- where flexion and extension occur

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12
Q

range of hip flexion

A

0-140 degrees

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13
Q

range of hip extension

A

0-20

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14
Q

range of hip abduction

A

0-30

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15
Q

range of hip adduction

A

0-25

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16
Q

hip external rotation

A

0-90

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17
Q

hip internal rotation

A

0-70

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18
Q

typically, what range of motion is required at the hip joint to stand up and sit down

A

110 degrees of flexion-extension, 20 of abduction- adduction and 15 of rotation

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19
Q

two articulations in the knee joint

A

tibiofemoral, patellofemoral

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20
Q

Describe proximal surface of tibia

A

Flat and covered with the menisci

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21
Q

describe menisci

A

two crescent shaped pieces of fibrocartilage that are attached to the tibia by tough short ligaments. They make top of tibia slightly concave which aids stability

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22
Q

functions of menisci

A

load distributors and shock absorbers

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23
Q

femoral condyles

A

two circular shaped condyles

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24
Q

trochlea

A

smooth anterior depression between the condyles

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25
Q

intercondylar notch

A

where the trochlea develops

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26
Q

where are the cruciate ligaments lodged

A

intercondylar notch

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27
Q

what type of bone is the patella

A

sesamoid bone- bone found in a tendon- located in the quadriceps tendon

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28
Q

purpose of patellar ridge

A

guide the patella along the groove between the femoral condyles as the knee flexes and extends

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29
Q

does the fibula form part of the knee joint

A

no

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30
Q

What is the stability of the knee joint mainly derived from

A

the ligaments

quads and menisci also aid stability

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31
Q

what type of movement do the cruciate ligaments limit

A

forward and backward sliding of the femur on tibia and hyperextension

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32
Q

what is the knee joint surrounded by

A

tough fibrous joint capsule- thickened around the posterior on medial and lateral sides

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33
Q

what prevents abduction and adduction

A

medial and lateral collateral ligaments

34
Q

motion of knee

A

hinge joint

35
Q

how does the knees centre of rotation change in the sagittal plane as it flexes and extends

A

knee joints centre of rotation follows a semi circular path as it is flexed and extended

36
Q

what is the screw home mechanism

A

describes the spiral motion of the knee as it flexes and extends

37
Q

range of motion of knee in sagittal plane

A

flexion and extension- few degrees of extension to 140 flexion

38
Q

range of motion of knee in frontal plane

A

abduction and adduction

39
Q

range of motion of knee in transverse plane

A

internal and external rotation- range of motion increases with flexion

40
Q

Function of patella

A

Assists knee extension by increasing lever arm of the quads muscle force by displacing the quads tendon

41
Q

What provides the effort force required to maintain the knee joints position, overcoming the resistive forces the ground reaction force produced by the weight of the body acting behind the knee

A

quadriceps femoris

42
Q

What happens if patella is removed

A

lever arm is reduced, force produced by quads muscle must increase considerably to provide required turning moment

43
Q

What happens if menisci are removed

A

force no longer distributed but is concentrated in the area of contact between the tibia and femur- this increases the stress and will increase the likelihood of wear and joint damage

44
Q

ankle joint

A

hinged synovial joint formed by distal ends of tibia and fibula and the talus. fibulotalar and distal tibiofibular

45
Q

two bony prominences on lateral and medial sides of ankle joint

A

medial and lateral malleolus

46
Q

what is lateral malleolus

A

distal end of the fibula

47
Q

what is the medial malleolus

A

distal end of the tibia

48
Q

is ankle joint intrinsically stable

A

yes

49
Q

three most important ligaments of ankle joint

A

anterior inferior talofibular ligament, medial ligament and lateral ligament

50
Q

ankle joint motion

A

hinge joint- motion primarily in the sagittal plane

51
Q

flexion of ankle

A

dorsiflexion- 15 degrees

52
Q

extension of ankle

A

plantar flexion- 30degrees

53
Q

three parts of the foot

A

forefoot, mid foot and hind foot

54
Q

which bones make up forefoot

A

phalanges and metatarsals

55
Q

which bones make up the mid foot

A

cuboid, medial, intermediate and lateral uniforms and the navicular

56
Q

which bones make up the hind foot

A

Talus and calcaneus

57
Q

subtalar joint

A

articulation between the talus and the calcaneus

58
Q

what movement foes subtler joint allow

A

inversion and eversion of the foot

59
Q

Arches of the foot

A

5 longitudinal arches- extend from calcaneus along the five sets of tarsals and metatarsals. transverse arch runs across the foot

60
Q

what is longitudinal arch supported by

A

plantar fascia

61
Q

what is plantar fascia

A

heavy ligamentous structure that may only be elongated slightly when loaded

62
Q

function of plantar fascia

A

cable between heel and toes and shock absorber

63
Q

what happens to the plantar fascia when the toes are dorsiflexed

A

it is put under tension and the two ends of the foot are drawn together raising the longitudinal arches

64
Q

reciprocal gait

A

gait commonly used for walking- lower limbs used alternatively to provide support and propulsion

65
Q

when might swing through gait be used

A

when someone has broken their femur- crutches

66
Q

gait analysis

A

clinical examination of the gait of a patient

67
Q

Purposes of gait analysis

A

determine surgical intervention, quantify the severity of a disorder, determine the outcome of an operation, can also be used to ensure best alignment of artificial leg

68
Q

gait labs

A

equipped with motion analysis systems, force plates, omg equipment

69
Q

how do motion analysis systems work

A

most use cameras that only see special markers which are placed over prominent parts of the patients body. provided each marker is seen by 2 cameras- motion analysis system is able to calculate the position of each marker and reconstruct the movement

70
Q

gait cycle

A

one stride, 2 steps - 1 by each of the lower limbs. Starts with heel contact and ends with the next heel contact of the same foot

71
Q

stance phase

A

foot in contact with the ground- from heel contact to toe off

72
Q

swing phase

A

foot looses contact with ground- toe off to next heel contact

73
Q

double support

A

both feet in contact with the ground

74
Q

events during gait cycle

A

heel contact, flat foot, mid stance, heel off, toe off, mid swing

75
Q

what happens in foot drop

A

foot hangs down during swing phase- toes make contact with ground before heel

76
Q

which lower limb has the greatest range of motion during reciprocal gait

A

hip

77
Q

3 main pieces of equipment found in gait lab

A

motion analysis, force plates, emg

78
Q

when does the peak amount of dorsiflexion occur during the gait cycle

A

peak amount of dorsiflexion occurs at around heel off

79
Q

Peak amount of plantarflxion

A

foot flat and shortly after toe off

80
Q

Ground reaction force

A

Foot exerts a force against the ground, ground reaction force is the equal and opposite force exerted by the ground

81
Q

how do you measure ground reaction force

A

force plates

82
Q

why do hamstrings contract at heel contact

A

to prevent the hyperextension of the knee

BMSc (9 decks)

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