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BMSc > biomechanics module 4 - sem1 > Flashcards

biomechanics module 4 - sem1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 articulations of the shoulder joint

A

glenohumeral
acromio-clavicular
sterno-clavicular
scapulo-thoracic

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2
Q

what is the shallow depression in which the humeral head rests in

A

glenoid fossa

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3
Q

what muscles form the rotator cuff

A

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis and teres minor

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4
Q

what type of joint is the glenohumeral joint

A

ball and socket synovial

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5
Q

what makes up the glenohumeral joint

A

glenoid fossa
humeral head

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6
Q

what makes up the acromioclavicular joint

A

proximal acromion of the scapula and distal clavicle

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7
Q

what stabilizes the acromiovlacicular joint

A

superior and inferior acromioclavicular ligaments

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8
Q

what restricts the range of motion of the acromioclavicular joint

A

thorax and muscle attachments

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9
Q

what is the sternoclavicular joint

A

small synovial joint between the manubrim of the sternum and proximal clavicle

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10
Q

what is the only bony joint connecting the shoulder girdle to the trunk

A

the sternoclavicular joint

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11
Q

During elevation and depression the clavicle rotates about an axis determined by the attachment of the…

A

costoclavicular ligament

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12
Q

what is the scapulothoracic articulation

A

bone-muscle-bone articulation between the scapula and the posterior thoracic wall

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13
Q

why is the scapulothoracic articulation not a joint in it’s true sense

A

The scapulothoracic articulation is not a joint in the truest sense in that there are no direct bony or ligamentous connections between the scapula and the thorax.

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14
Q

what ligament is attached to the clavicle and rotates during elevation and depression

A

costoclavicular ligament

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15
Q

what muscles separate the posterior thorax from the anterior surface of the scapula

A

the serratus anterior and subscapularis muscles

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16
Q

what is the range of shoulder flexion / extension

A

180 degrees

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17
Q

range of abduction-adduction

A

255

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18
Q

range of internal-external rotation

A

180

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19
Q

range of horizontal flexion - extension

A

180

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20
Q

where is the most common shoulder dislocation

A

anterior dislocation of the glenuhumeral articulation

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21
Q

what forms the elbow

A

distal humerus, proximal articular surfaces of the forearm - radius and ulna

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22
Q

what are the 3 articulations of the elbow joint

A

humeroradial articulation,
humeroulnar articulation
proximal radioulnar articulation

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23
Q

where is the axis of rotation of the elbow joint

A

middle of the trochlea
roughly parallel to the line joining the lateral and medial epicondyles

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24
Q

range of flexion and extension

A

140

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25
Q

range of pronation - supination

A

150

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26
Q

what is pronation

A

palms face posterior

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27
Q

what allows for rotation of the forearm about its longitudinal axis

A

proximal radioulnar articulation

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28
Q

what is the term for rotation of the forearm about its longitudinal axis

A

pronation and supination

29
Q

what aids stability of the elbow

A

two collateral ligaments
ulnar / medial ligament is most significant, preventing abduction of the elbow

30
Q

what does the lateral collateral ligament prevent

A

adduction

31
Q

which ligament will prevent an elbow from dislocating when falling on an outstretched hand

A

the lateral collateral ligament

32
Q

what forms the wrist

A

distal radius, ulnocarpal space, carpal bones and proximal ends of metacarpals

33
Q

main motions of the wrist

A

flexion - extension
abduction and adduction

34
Q

where does most wrist extension occur

A

radiocarpal joint

35
Q

what bones are in the proximal row of the wrist

A

triquetrum, lunate, scaphoid

36
Q

what is the distal row made up of

A

hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium

37
Q

what is the 8th carpal bone

A

pisiform

38
Q

position of the pisiform bone

A

anterior to the triquetrum

39
Q

what is the only carpal bone that is easily palpated, projects anteriorly and has a small rounded elevation

A

pisiform bone

40
Q

what inserts at the pisiform bone

A

flexor carpi ulnaris muscle

41
Q

function of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle

A

flexes and adducts the wrist

42
Q

where is the stability of the wrist derived from

A

intricate ligamentous structures

43
Q

what increases the level arm of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle

A

pisiform bone

44
Q

what is the most freely moving carpometacarpal

A

the first carpometacarpal joint, base of the thumb

45
Q

where are the principle muscles that control the movements of the digits located

A

in the forearm

46
Q

what are the principle motions of the wrist

A

flexion-extension and abduction-adduction

47
Q

where does most wrist extension occur

A

at the radiocarpal joint

48
Q

how does the flexion decrease in the metacarpophlangeal joints

A

The maximum amount of flexion at the metacarpophalangeal joints generally
decreases from the fifth to the second joint. At the fifth joint (little finger) it is
around 95 to 10

49
Q

what are the 5 regions of the spine called

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum and
coccyx.

50
Q

what 2 vertebrae differ in structure from the other cervical vertebrae

A

atlas (C1)
axis (C2)

51
Q

describe the structure of the unfused vertebrae

A

flat, rounded body placed anteriorly and centrally –> vertebral body
neural arch, which forms the spinal foramen through which the spinal cord passes
spinous process projecting inferiorly in the posterior mid-line and two transverse processes projecting laterally

52
Q

function of spinous processes

A

provide anchorage sites for the ligaments and muscles which stabilize and move the spine

53
Q

where is the main articulation at the vertebral body

A

intervertebral disc
facet joints

54
Q

what makes up the intervertebral disc

A

inner nucleus pulposis
outer annulus fibrosis

55
Q

function of the intervertebral disc

A

dual role of bearing and distributing loads
resisting excessive motion

56
Q

is the nucleus pulposis hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

hydrophilic - water loving

57
Q

what is the significance of the high nucleus pulposus pressure

A

balances the applied compressive stress

58
Q

what is the annulus fibrosis comprised of

A

collagen fibres
forming lamallae , alternating directions to resist high bending and torsional loads

59
Q

what vertebrae is the most mobile

A

cervical, C1-C7

60
Q

how many thoracic vertebrae are there

A

12

61
Q

what are the thoracic vertebrae attached to

A

each is attached to a pair of ribs
rib articulates with the transverse process of it’s corresponding thoracic vertebrae

62
Q

how many lumbar vertebrae are there

A

5
lumbar vertebrae is subject to significantly greater loads than the rest of the vertebrae in the spine

63
Q

what forms the distal portion of the spine

A

saccrum and coccyx

64
Q

what does the sacrum link

A

forms link between the lumbar spine and the pelvic girdle

65
Q

which region is extension - flexion greatest in

A

the cervical spine
21 degrees

66
Q

which region has the smallest flexion - extension

A

thoracic spine
3 degrees

67
Q

which area of the spine carries the largest load

A

lumbar spine

68
Q

what increases the load on the lower spine

A

increasing moment arm
produced by the weight of the object being lifted

BMSc (4 decks)

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