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BMSc > biomechanics module 3 - sem1 > Flashcards

biomechanics module 3 - sem1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 segments of the lower limb

A

thigh, leg, foot

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2
Q

what are the 3 major joints of the lower limb

A

hip, ankle, knee

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3
Q

2 functions of the lower limb

A

movement
weight bearing

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4
Q

what type of joint is the hip joint

A

ball and socket synovial joint

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5
Q

what does synovial fluid do

A

lubricate the joint and provide nutrients to the articular cartilage

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6
Q

is the hip joint intrinsically stable or unstable, and why

A

intrinsically stable
due to the shape, the strong joint capsule, and the surrounding ligaments and muscles

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7
Q

where does the greatest range of motion of the hip joint occur

A

sagittal plane
flexion and extension

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8
Q

what occurs in the frontal plane of the hip joint

A

abduction and adduction

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9
Q

what occurs in the transverse plane of the hip joint

A

internal and external rotation

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10
Q

what occurs in the sagittal plane

A

flexion and extension

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11
Q

which stance has 3x the body weight in force required to stabilize

A

unilateral
bilateral is half body weight

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12
Q

what articulations is the knee joint comprised of

A

tibiofemoral
patellofemoral

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13
Q

the proximal surface of the tibia is covered with what

A

menisci

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14
Q

what are menisci

A

crescent shaped fibrocartilage which are attached to the tibia by short tough ligaments

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15
Q

function of menisci

A

absorb shock
distribute the force

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16
Q

what happens when menisci are removed

A

the stress in the joint tissue is increased by approximately 3 times

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17
Q

what ligaments bind the femur to the tibia

A

cruciate ligaments

18
Q

what type of bone is the patella

A

sesemoid bone
found in a tendon

19
Q

where does the stability of the knee arise from

A

ligaments
anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
medial and lateral collateral ligaments
quadriceps muscle

20
Q

function of the acl and pcl

A

They limit forward and backwards sliding of the femur on the tibia and limit hyperextension.

21
Q

functions of medial and lateral collateral ligaments

A

prevent abduction and adduction respectively.

22
Q

what type of joint is the knee joint

A

hinge joint

23
Q

what path does the knee joints centre of rotation follow in the sagittal plane

A

semi-circular path as it is flexed and extended

24
Q

what is the screw-home mechanism

A

describes the spiral motion of the knee joint as it flexes and extends

25
Q

what plane does the majority of the knee joint motion occur

A

sagittal plane
flexion and extension

26
Q

what is the range of motion in the transverse plane

A

The range of motion in the transverse plane is almost zero at full extension, increases with flexion to a maximum at around 90° of flexion and reduces with further flexion.

27
Q

function of the patella

A

increase the lever arm of the quadriceps muscle

28
Q

what type of joint is the ankle joint

A

a hinged synovial joint

29
Q

what are the 3 articulations at the ankle joint

A

tibiotalar (tibia and talus)
fibulotalar (fibula and talus)
distal tibiofibular (tibia and fibula)

30
Q

what bones make up the ankle joint

A

tibia
fibula
talus

31
Q

what ligaments stabilize the ankle joint

A

anteriorinferior talofibular, the medial and lateral ligaments

32
Q

what is dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

A

dorsiflexion - ankle flexion - toe up
plantarflexion - ankle extension - toe down

33
Q

what plane does most of the ankle joint motion occur in

A

sagittal

34
Q

what are the 3 parts of the food

A

hindfoot, mid foot , forefoot

35
Q

what makes up the hind foot

A

calcaneus

36
Q

what makes up the mid foot

A

cuboid, talus, navicular, cuneiforms

37
Q

what makes up the fore foot

A

phalanges and metatarsals

38
Q

what is the subtalar joint

A

articulation between the talus and the calcaneus

39
Q

what is the function of the subtalar joint

A

allows for the inversion and eversion of the foot
inversion - inward rotation
eversion - outward rotation

40
Q

what is the ligamentous structure which supports the longitudinal arches of the foot called

A

the plantar fascia

41
Q

what does the plantar fascia prevent

A

prevents the vertical force acting downwards at the ankle joint from collapsing the longitudinal arches

BMSc (4 decks)

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