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Fall 2024 > Biomechanics Exam One > Flashcards

Biomechanics Exam One Flashcards

1
Q

Stress (σ)

A

Force applied to an area
Measured in N/m^2 or pascals
σ = F/A

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2
Q

Strain (ε)

A

Deformation caused by applied stress

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3
Q

Tension

A

the act or action of stretching

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4
Q

Compression

A

the state of being compressed

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5
Q

Shear

A

unaligned forces acting on one part of a body in a specific direction, and another part of the body in the opposite direction.

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6
Q

Torsion

A

the twisting of an object due to an applied torque.

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7
Q

Bending

A

to turn or force from straight or even to curved or angular.

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8
Q

Stress/Strain Curve

A

Slope is Young’s Modulus/Stiffness
Elastic region which can go back to how the object was once stress is removed
After elastic region is yield point before plastic region
Plastic region is permanent deformation
After the plastic region the specimen fails
a type of test where a load is continuously applied to a test specimen until it fractures

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9
Q

Young’s modulus

A

Stiffness for material
Y=σ/ε=F/A=L/ ∆L

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10
Q

Residual Strain

A

Difference between original length and length resulting from stress into the plastic region

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11
Q

Stiffness

A

Resistance to deformation

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12
Q

Strength

A

Resistance to failure
expressed as force required to produce:
a permanent deformation: yield strength
a fracture: fracture strength

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13
Q

Metal vs glass

A

Metal: ductile-large plastic region
Glass: brittle-fracture and yield at the same time

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14
Q

Elastic material

A

Linear between stress and strain
Mechanical energy is fully recovered (provided it stays in elastic region)

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15
Q

Viscoelastic

A

Same definitions for elastic materials apply
Exhibits non-linear stress strain characteristics
Ex. Bone. Has these characteristics because of the liquid in bone

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16
Q

Hysteris

A

Loss of energy into the material and time dependent delay

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17
Q

Stress relaxation

A

Time dependent decrease in load or force or stress required to maintain a constant deformation
The deformation is temporary until the stress is removed

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18
Q

Creep

A

Time dependent increase in deformation while under constant load/force/stress

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19
Q

Bone tissue

A

connective tissue

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20
Q

short bones

A

square, triangular shape

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21
Q

Flat bones

A

flat
scapula, skull

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22
Q

irregular bones

A

irregular in shape

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23
Q

Long bones

A

has one dimension longer than another dimension

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24
Q

facet

A

small, smooth area

25
foramen
a hole in a bone For blood vessels/nerves to attach to it
26
Condyle
rounded process Articulates with other bone to form a joint
27
Fossa
A large smooth area
28
Process
Bony promiscue Does not have clearly distinct role
29
Tuberosity
Like a process but has a very specific process
30
Regions of long bone
Diaphysis Metaphysis
31
diaphysis
shaft of long bone ends are epiphysis
32
metaphysis
two areas in-between diaphysis and the epiphysis
33
Compact bone
hallow center is arranged in units called osteons
34
osteons
are aligned by lines of stress not cells! Units!
35
periosteum
outside layer of bone dense irregular CT
36
what is the compact bone made out of
osteons Is the periosteum
37
endosteum
inner most layer of bone
38
central canal
space in center of osteons space for blood vessels and nerves
39
what is the primary stress for bones?
Compressive stress
40
concentric lamellae
rings around central canal
41
Lucnae (lucuna is one)
one type of bone cell resides
42
Canaliculi
connects lucnae to allow communication between cells
43
Histology of bone
20% water 30% collagen fibers 50% mineral salts --> calcium phosphate
44
spongy bone or cancellous bone or trabecular bone tissue
consists of red and yellow bone marrow osteocytes get nutrients directly from circulating blood
45
osteocytes
bone cell retired maintain and no other role before retirement they are osteoblasts
46
osteoblasts
produce collagen fibers
47
osteogenic
mitotically active help make more cells
48
osteoclast
break down bone could be for nutrition ex. If there is low Ca2+ in the blood, the body will break down bone tissue in order for the heart to function
49
How does bone ocify?
Bone oficies from middle to ends replaces cartilage to bone
50
Wolff's law
shape of bone reflects its function Bone is laid down where needed and reabsorbed where not needed Regular exercise provides stimulation to maintain bone throughout the body
51
Which bone is more adaptive, trabecular or cortical?
Trabecular because it is less stiff than cortical bone Cortical bone is more stiff than trabecular Cortical does well under compression dur to gravity
52
Viscoelastic load vs deformation graph
A fast, higher load is going to cause more deformation and when it fails will have a bad fracture A slow, lower load is going to make a stress fracture and it will be tiny in comparison with the fast, higher load
53
What forces are involved with bending?
compression, tension, shear
54
Compression forces
necessary force for proper development Stiffness of bone resists compression excessive compression force can lead to compression fractures
55
Tensile loading rate
Main source is muscle contraction
56
Avulsion fracture
occurs when a ligament or other soft tissue attachment to bone overcomes the stress capacity of the bony attachment and tears off a portion of the bone.
57
Osgood-Schlatter's
pulling of the patellar tendon away from its insertion point on the tibial tuberosity When tendon is pulled it can cause mini fractures around the tibial tuberosity an overuse condition or injury of the knee that causes a painful bump and swelling on the shinbone below the knee Typically affects growing kids
58
anisotropic
Properties depend on direction exhibiting properties with different values when measured in different directions Bone is strongest and stiffest in the direction that bears the most load, while keeping bone mass low. Bone's elastic deformation is anisotropic, meaning it's different when measured parallel to the bone's long axis, and when measured perpendicular to it. Trabecular bone's orientation can change depending on mechanical load, and it can become anisotropic.

Fall 2024 (13 decks)

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