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Fall 2024 > BioMech Exam 2 > Flashcards

BioMech Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Types of joints

A

bony joint, fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

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2
Q

Bony joint

A

synarthrosis- an immovably fixed joint between bones connected by fibrous tissue
ex. metopic synostosis- premature fusing of the metopic suture have a triangular shape to the forehead. They have a noticeable ridge along their foreheads. Their eyes that appear too close together.

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3
Q

fibrous

A

synarthrosis
ex. suture- immovable joint

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4
Q

cartilaginous

A

slight mobility
amphiarthrosis- slightly movable joint
joints where bones are connected by cartilage, a flexible but tough connective tissue
Two types: Synchondrosis, Symphysis
ex. pubic symphysis- joins your left and right pelvic bones and holds it in place

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5
Q

Synchondrosis

A

primary cartilaginous joint that connects bones with hyaline cartilage. Synchondroses can be temporary or permanent.

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6
Q

Symphysis

A

secondary cartilaginous joint that connects bones with fibrocartilage. Symphyses are slightly moveable joints that allow for a small range of motion.
example is the pubic symphysis, where the pubic bones of the pelvis are joined together.

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7
Q

gomphosis

A

a fibrous mobile peg-and-socket joint.
ex. The roots of the teeth fit into their sockets in the mandible and maxilla

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8
Q

synovial

A

Joint in body that allow long range of motion
space between bones
fluid between bones
diarthrotic- a joint that is freely movable and allows for a wide range of motion. Diarthroses are also known as synovial joints, and are the most common and movable type of joint in the body.
ex. hinge, ball and socket, knee, hip, etc…

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9
Q

Joint positions

A

Close-packed and loose-packed

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10
Q

close packed joint position

A

maximum contact between surfaces
maximum compression possible
forces travel through joint as if it does not exist
ex. elbow

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11
Q

loose-packed joint position

A

all other joint positions
less contact area between surfaces

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12
Q

diarthrotic

A

a joint that is freely movable and allows for a wide range of motion.

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13
Q

Examples of diarthrotic joints

A

Head of humerus and scapula to make ball and socket joint (humeroscapular)
Humerus and Ulna to make hinge joint (humeroulnar)
Carpal and metacarpal to make saddle joint (carpometacarpal I)
Radius and Ulna to make pivot joint (radioulnar)
Carpal bones to make gliding joint (intercarpal)
Metacarpal bone and phalanx to make Condyloid joint (metacarpophalangeal)

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14
Q

Joint postitions

A

Close-packed position and Loose-packed position

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15
Q

Close-packed position

A

Position maximum contact between surfaces
maximum compression possible
Forces travel through joint as if it did not exist

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16
Q

Loose-packed position

A

All other joint positions
Less contact area between surfaces

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17
Q

Osteokinematics

A

Movement you can see
ex. flexion, extension
under voluntary control
passive range of motion (PROM)

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18
Q

Arthrokinematics

A

The movement of joint surfaces. Arthrokinematics differs from Osteokinematics - in general Osteokinematics means joint movement and Arthrokinematics joint surface motion.

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19
Q

Types of Arthrokinematic Motion

A
  • Spin
  • Distraction and traction
  • Compression
  • Roll
  • Glide/slide
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20
Q

Spin

A

*Rotation of a movable joint surface on a fixed adjacent surface
*A single point on one joint rotates on a single point on another joint
surface

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21
Q

Roll

A

*Rolling of one joint surface on another
*Multiple points along one joint surface contact multiple points on
another joint surface

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22
Q

Glide/Slide

A

*Linear movement of a joint surface parallel to the plane of an adjoining
joint surface
*A single point on a joint surface contacts multiple points on another
joint surface

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23
Q

Roll- Slide dynamics

A

The Convex-Concave Rule

The Concave-Convex Rule

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24
Q

The Convex-Concave Rule

A

A convex joint surface will move on a fixed concave surface
in the opposite direction as the moving body segment

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25
Q

The Concave-Convex Rule

A

A concave joint surface will move on a fixed convex surface
in the same direction as the moving body segment

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26
Q

How to keep integrity of convex-concave joint?

A

joint subluxation or dislocation would result were a convex surface to roll on a fixed concave surface without gliding at the same time.
Roll and glide must occur simultaneously, and must occur in opposite
directions.
Connective tissue prevents rolling off plateau. Glide/slide allows joint to stay intact since connective tissue pulls it into opposite direction

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27
Q

How to keep integrity of concave-convex joint?

A

Joint surfaces would gap in some areas and impinge in others were a concave surface to roll on a fixed convex surface without gliding at the same time.
To preserve joint integrity, roll and glide must occur simultaneously, and in the same direction.

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28
Q

Open kinetic chain

A

distal segment is mobile
lower resistance
increased acceleration forces
increased distraction of the joint capsule

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29
Q

Closed kinetic chain

A

distal segment is fixed
higher resistance
lower acceleration forces
increased opposite compression of the joint capsule
Ex. Walking, standing. Resistance is body weight. Compression pushes joints together

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30
Q

What causes large range of motion of the shoulder complex?

A

multi-joint structure
poor bony structure
moderate ligamentous restraint
scapulohumeral cooperative action

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31
Q

Structures of shoulder

A

Clavicle
Shoulder girdle
Scapula
Glenoid fossa
Glenoid labrum

32
Q

Clavicle

A
  • “S”-shaped bone articulating with scapula and sternum
    connects upper extremity to thorax
    protects brachial plexus (network of nerves) and vascular structures
    Serves as attachment site for shoulder and neck muscles (connect to the skull)
33
Q

Shoulder girdle

A
  • An incomplete bony ring in the upper extremity
34
Q

Scapula

A
  • Flat, triangular bone on the upper posterior thorax
35
Q

Glenoid fossa

A
  • “Socket” for shoulder joint
36
Q

Glenoid labrum

A
  • Ring of fibrocartilage around rim of glenoid fossa
  • Deepens socket for shoulder joint
37
Q

Joints of shoulder

A

Sternoclavicular joint
acromioclavicular joint
scapulothoracic joint
glenohumeral joint

38
Q

Sternoclavicular joint motions

A

frontal plane= elevation and depression
sagittal plane= posterior rotation
horizontal plane= protraction and retraction. moving scapula

Joint is end of clavicle near the sternum

39
Q

Where will clavicle fracture on sternoclavicular joint?

A

Middle of S-shaped curve

40
Q

sternoclavicular joint dislocation?

A

pops forward or backwards and hits the blood vessels (subclavian veins and arteries)
anterior dislocation (forward) caused by hard blow to the shoulder from falling on an outstretched hand
posterior is when front of clavicle is hit and puts clavicle behind the sternum

41
Q

scapulothoracic joint

A

serratus anterior attaches to outside of ribs and inserts on the inside of the scapula (medial border) Keeps scapula against back
Damage to muscle/nerve causes muscle to be paralyzed and scapula is winged
On scapula towards back

42
Q

acromioclavicular joint

A

Between clavicle toward shoulder (lateral end) and acromion on scapula

43
Q

acromion

A

bony process on scapula that develops separately and fuses with the scapula

44
Q

Movement of acromioclavicular joint

A

frontal plane = upward and downward rotation of scapula. Big movement
horizontal plane (transverse) = small rocking left and right on a persons back
sagittal plane = forward (not much b/c ribs are there) and backward (lifts off a lil bit)

45
Q

AC ligament

A

between acromion and clavicle

46
Q

coracoclavicular ligament

A

Connects the clavicle to the coracoid process of the scapula.
trapezoid and conoid

47
Q

Grades of AC damage

A

grade 1: AC/ligament sprain
grade 2: AC and coracoclavicular
grade 3: all of them

48
Q

Glenohumeral joint

A

head of humerus and glenoid of scapula
Connective tissue is passive restraint. Neg pressure holds it together which provides stability

49
Q

Labrum

A

cartilage that helps keep ball of joint in place

50
Q

missing labrum parts would cause

A

The absence of anterior superior labrum would, in theory, concentrate forces in the superior labrum and the area of insertion of the biceps tendon, which could predispose the patient to a SLAP lesion and other intra-articular lesions.
However, some authors have suggested that its presence may create overload to the other structures of the shoulder that restrain movements such as the biceps tendon and rotator cuff. Its presence needs to be considered in athletes who present with repetitive shoulder pain that is attributed to rotator cuff lesions and SLAP lesions.

51
Q

glenoid labrum

A

group of connective tissue that make glenoid deeper

52
Q

Ways to check for dislocated shoulder

A

finger between process and head of humerus
More fingers = less intact the joint is

Have someone hold something and see if it falls

53
Q

Coracohumeral ligament

A

from humerus to coracoid process

53
Q

superior glenohumeral ligament

A

12 o’clock
like a tendon

54
Q

Middle glenohumeral ligament

A

3 oclock fibers pan out, not as tight bundles
Less like a tendon

55
Q

Inferior glenohumeral ligament

A

ligament structure anterior and posterior band with pouch in-between
Catches humerus when shoulder is dislocated

56
Q

Posterior capsule

A

provides zero restraint
Holds nothing in place because glenoid does not sit, it tips forward
Back bony ridge of glenoid does the restraint
Allows capsule space to have negative pressure

57
Q

Roles of muscle

A

Attach scapula to trunk
attach humerus to trunk
attach scapula to humerus
Rotator cuff muscles do this!

58
Q

Trapezius

A

Helps attach scapula to trunk

59
Q

Latissimus dorsi

A

Attaches humerus to trunk
Either moves the humerus or keep the scapula in place

60
Q

Scapulohumeral rhythm

A

Coordination of scapular and humeral movements
enables much greater range of motion (ROM) of the shoulder
Happens at the expense of stability

61
Q

Rotator cuff muscles

A

small muscle mass
deal with large external muscles (create unwanted shear)
provide joint compression, restraint in anterior, posterior and superior aspects
SITS muscles
The subscapularis
The infraspinatus
The teres minor
The supraspinatus

62
Q

supraspinatus

A

Attaches from top of scapula to upper end of humerus
Rotate and lift your arm

63
Q

subscapularis

A

attaches middle of scapula to lower part of humeral head
Hold arm outstretched

64
Q

infraspinatus

A

bottom of scapula to humerus behind the supraspinatus
rotation of arm

65
Q

Teres minor

A

Attaches to outside edge of scapula and attaches to humerus beneath infraspinatus
Turn and rotate arm

66
Q

Layers of rotator cuff

A
  1. Outer most layer. Down toward joint capsule. Ligaments
  2. Tendons for larger muscles that will move the arm.
  3. Tendons for the rotator cuff and tendons for large muscles at 45 degrees
  4. Unknown layer. Structures in outermost layer blending into this layer
  5. Joint capsule
67
Q

Regions of the spine

A

Cervical region, cervicothoracic junction, thoracic region, thoracolumbar junction, lumbar region, lumbosacral junction, sacrococcygeal region, sacrum, coccyx

68
Q

Primary curves of spine

A

thoracic and sacral curves
Through development two more curves are added.

69
Q

Secondary curves of spine

A

cervical curve, thoracic curve, lumbar curve, sacral curve
cervical curve develops as baby lifts head (3 months)
lumbar curve develops as baby stands up and bears weight (9 months) Forms because head is above pelvis

70
Q

Weight bearing of the spine

A

It increases as you go down the spine from cervical to sacral regions

71
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

C1 = atlas (allows nodding movement)
C2 = axis (allows turning movement)

72
Q

C1 atlas

A

Allows nodding movement
opisthion is posterior side (back of skull)
basion is anterior side (towards the front of skull)
Open mouth, atlas is straight back behind the throat

73
Q

Foramen magnum

A

Opening in the base of the skull that connects the spinal chord to the brain

74
Q

Ocular occipital angle

A

Head is tilted up
Anterior side is raised
Angle is about 20-30 degrees in humans

75
Q

Children’s migraines

A

Children with not well developed axis has migraines from blood vessel issues
Fuses around 7 years of age

76
Q
A

Fall 2024 (13 decks)

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