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3/4 PE > Biomechanics > Flashcards

Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative analysis?

A

Quantitative looks at the numerical data whereas qualitative is the quality of the performance

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2
Q

What is quantitative analysis based on?

A

Measurement of kinetic (force) and kinematic (distance, speed, acceleration) variables

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3
Q

What is goniometry?

A

The measurement of joint angles

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4
Q

What is electromyography?

A

Records the electrical activity within a muscle just prior to contraction

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5
Q

What is force defined as?

A

A push or pull

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6
Q

In what ways can forces affect objects?

A
  • change shape of object

- move the object

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7
Q

How can force be calculated?

A

Mass x acceleration

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8
Q

What is gravity?

A

A constant force that acts through the centre of mass of an object towards the earth

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9
Q

What is friction?

A

Occurs when two surfaces come in contact with each other

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10
Q

What is drag force?

A

When an object moves trough air or water

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11
Q

What is mass?

A

The measure of the amount of matter na object is mad duo of

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12
Q

What are the units for mass?

A

Kilograms

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13
Q

What does weight refer to?

A

The force that is exerted on the body by gravity.

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14
Q

How can weight be determined?

A

Mass x gravity

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15
Q

What are the units for weight?

A

Newton’s

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16
Q

Is inertia?

A

The tendency for a body to resist a change in its state of motion

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17
Q

Is it harder or easier to change the state of motion of an object with greater levels of inertia?

A

Harder

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18
Q

What is momentum?

A

The measure of the amount of motion an object has and its resistance to changing that motion.

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19
Q

What are the units for momentum?

A

Kg m/s

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20
Q

What is the equation to determine the momentum of an object?

A

Mass x velocity

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21
Q

What is the equation for weight?

A

Mass x gravity

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22
Q

What are sporting examples of friction?

A
  • chalk increases friction and therefore grip for weightlifters and gymnasts
  • polished skis reduce friction and increase speed
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23
Q

What are sporting example that reduce drag forces?

A

In swimming the swimsuits, caps, body position all reduce drag forces in the water to increase speed

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24
Q

How much momentum does an object at rest have?

A

None

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25
Q

If an object has greater momentum is it easier or harder to stop?

A

Harder

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26
Q

What is velocity?

A

How fast something is moving in a particular direction

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27
Q

What is the equation for momentum?

A

Mass x velocity

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28
Q

What is the conservation of movement-linear?

A

Relates to the transfer of momentum during a collision

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29
Q

What is the summation of momentum?

A

Sequential summation of momentum from the beginning of the movement to the end

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30
Q

What does summation of momentum result in?

A

Maximal force production

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31
Q

What is impulse?

A

When the momentum of something is changed

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32
Q

What is the equation for impulse?

A

Force x time

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33
Q

What are some examples of impulse?

A
  • applying a large force over a short period of time (hitting golf ball)
  • applying large force over long period of time (shot put, discus)
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34
Q

What is Newton’s first law called?

A

The law of inertia

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35
Q

What is Newton’s first law of inertia?

A

A body or object will remain in motion or at rest in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force

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36
Q

What is Newton’s second law called?

A

Law of acceleration

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37
Q

What is Newton’s second law of acceleration?

A

A force applied to applied to an object will produce a change in motion (acceleration) in the direction of the applied force tat is directly proportional to the size of that force

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38
Q

What is the equation for force?

A

Mass x acceleration

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39
Q

What is Newton’s third law called?

A

The law of action reaction

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40
Q

What is Newton’s third law of action reaction?

A

Every action had an equal and opposite reaction

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41
Q

What are examples of Newton’s third law of action reaction?

A
  • pushing off starting blocks

- each footstep on ground when running

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42
Q

What is angular motion?

A

Any movement around an axis

43
Q

What is a torque?

A

Refers to a force applied that results in angular motion

44
Q

What is Newton’s first law of angular motion?

A

The angular momentum of a body remains constant unless acted upon by an external force

45
Q

What is Newton’s second law of angular motion?

A

A torque applied to an object will produce change in angular motion in direction of rapplied torque, directly proportional to size of torque and inversely to the moment of inertia

46
Q

What is Newton’s third law of angular motion?

A

For every torque there is an equal and opposite torque

47
Q

What is angular momentum?

A

The amount of angular motion an object or body has (same as normal momentum)

48
Q

What is the equation for angular momentum?

A

Moment of inertia x angular velocity

49
Q

What is moment of inertia?

A

How easy or hard it is for rotation to occur.

50
Q

If mass is closer to the axis does the moment of inertia increase or decrease?

A

Decrease

51
Q

What is the angular velocity?

A

How fast an object or body is rotating

52
Q

As moment of inertia increases the angular velocity…

A

Decreases

53
Q

What is the conservation of angular momentum?

A

When a body is rotating, angular momentum is always constant(in air)

54
Q

What is linear motion?

A

Movement of a body along a straight or curved path

55
Q

How does the body move in linear motion?

A

All body parts move in the same direction at the same speed

56
Q

What is the difference between speed and velocity?

A

Velocity takes into account the direction of movement and how fast something is travelling

57
Q

What is the equation for acceleration?

A

Change in velocity divided by change in time

58
Q

What is positive linear acceleration?

A

Speeding up

59
Q

What is negative linear acceleration?

A

Slowing down

60
Q

What is zero linear acceleration?

A

Moving at a constant velocity at a constant velocity (stationary or maintaining)

61
Q

What is acceleration?

A

A change in velocity over a period of time

62
Q

What is projectile?

A

An object or a body launched into the air is a projectile

63
Q

What are the factors that affect projectiles?

A

-angle, speed and height of release

64
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

An object is said to be in equilibrium when there are no unbalanced forces or torques acting on it

65
Q

What is static equilibrium?

A

Must not be moving or rotating, all forces and torques on the body or object must be zero

66
Q

What is an example of static equilibrium?

A

Sitting still on a chair not moving or a golf ball on a tee

67
Q

What is dynamic equilibrium?

A

When a body or object is moving with a constant velocity

68
Q

What is an example of dynamic equilibrium?

A

Walking or jogging at a steady pace

69
Q

What is stability?

A

Is the resistance to the disruption of equilibrium

70
Q

What is balance?

A

The ability to control equilibrium

71
Q

When stability increases is it easier or harder to u balance?

A

Harder

72
Q

What is an example of a sport that aims to reduce stability?

A

Swimmers use stance on blocks to decrease stability, only a small movement forward is start moving

73
Q

What is an example of a sport that increases stability?

A

Wrestlers use positions that increase stability making it more difficult for their equilibrium to be disrupted

74
Q

What is an example of a sport where control of equilibrium is essential?

A

Gymnasts need good balance for floor or beam routines. They must also increase stability at times such as landing a somersault

75
Q

What is an example of a sport that requires high levels of balance to control equilibrium when stationary?

A

A platform diver holding a stationary position on board

76
Q

What is an example of a sport that requires high levels of balance to control equilibrium when moving?

A

A hockey player must maintain balance when weaving through opponents

77
Q

What are factors that affect stability?

A
  • base of support
  • centre of gravity
  • body mass
  • friction between body and surfaces
78
Q

How does the base of support affect stability?

A

The larger the base of support the higher the stability

79
Q

What is a sporting example of base of support and stability?

A

A baseball player has a wide stance to not lose balance when swinging

80
Q

What is the centre of gravity?

A

The point around which an objects weight is balanced

81
Q

Can the centre of gravity change?

A

Ye sit can change as body position changes

82
Q

If the centre of gravity is lower does the stability increase or decrease?

A

Increases

83
Q

What is the line of gravity?

A

The direction gravity acts on

84
Q

When the line of gravity acts through the middle of the base of support is stability increased or decreased?

A

Increases

85
Q

What is a sporting example of the line of gravity?

A

Rugby players or surfers bend down to get closer to their base of support to increase stability

86
Q

How can body mass influence stability?

A

The greater the mass of an object or body the greater the stability

87
Q

In what sport would increased body mass be an advantage?

A

Wrestling

88
Q

In what sport would decreased mass be an advantage?

A

Gymnastics due to constant changing of stability

89
Q

How can friction influence stability?

A

Increasing friction between the body and the surface it is in contact with increases stability

90
Q

What is an example of friction aimed to increase stability?

A

Waxing a surfboard

91
Q

What are levers?

A

Are simples machines that have a mechanical advantage

92
Q

What mechanical advantage do levers allow?

A
  • apply a small force to move cub gretare resistance

- move one point of an object a small distance causing another point to move a large distance

93
Q

What is the mechanical advantage of a second class lever?

A

More than 1 making it easier to move a large resistance

94
Q

What is the advantage of a first class lever?

A

Can change depending on axis location

95
Q

What is the mechanical advantage of a third class lever?

A

Less than 1, meaning more force is required but results in increased range of motion and angular speed/velocity

96
Q

What are most types of levers in the body?

A

Third class

97
Q

Does increased lever length increase or decrease the moment of inertia?

A

Increases

98
Q

What is a lever comprised of?

A

Axis, effort and resistance force

99
Q

What is the order for a first class lever?

A

Far

100
Q

What is the order for a second class lever?

A

Arf

101
Q

What is the order for a third class lever?

A

AFR

102
Q

What is an example of a first class lever?

A

Soccer header

103
Q

What is an example of a second class lever?

A

Calf raise

104
Q

What is an example of a third class lever?

A

Hitting using a baseball bat

3/4 PE (7 decks)

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