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Sports Science > Biomechanics > Flashcards

Biomechanics Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Positive Work

A

Object displacement is in the same direction as the force applied.

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2
Q

Define Mechanical Work

A

Work is equal to:

The amount of force applied to an object and the distance moved by the object.

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3
Q

What is the Formula for calculating Work?

A

Work = Force x Distance (F.s) (joules/Nm)

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4
Q

How do you calculate work if it is applied at an angle?

A

Work = Force x Cos {0} x distance (s)

{0} = the angle between the force vector and the line of displacement

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5
Q

Define Negative Work

A

Object displacement is in the opposite direction to which the force is applied.

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6
Q

Define Net Work

A

Sum of positive and negative work

Can be 0

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7
Q

What is an example of 0 work in the body?

A

Isometric muscle contractions

e.g. muscle length remains unchanged like when you hold a weight with your arms outstretched

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8
Q

Define Power

A

The rate of doing work

The amount of mechanical work done in a given time.

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9
Q

What is the equation for Power?

A

Work/ change in time

Or

Force x distance / Time

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10
Q

What is Power measured in?

A

Watts or Joules/Seconds

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11
Q

How can you use velocity with respect to Power and Force

A

Power = Force x Velocity

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12
Q

Define Inertia

A

Inertia is an objects resistance to change in its state of motion.

Proportional to the body’s mass
Scalar quantity
Symbol – m, units – kg

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13
Q

Define Momentum

A

Momentum is the quantity of motion possessed by an object

Remember velocity has a time component - so how fast something is going.

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14
Q

Describe the relationship between velocity and displacement in terms of graphical representation.

A

Velocity is directly proportional to the gradient of a displacement time graph. Therefore negative displacement = negative velocity.

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15
Q

When resolving forces what is the golden rule?

A

resolve forces only when they are perpendicular to the lever.

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16
Q

What does a clockwise force produce

A

Negative moment

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17
Q

Define Force (inc units)

A

Force is the interaction between two or more objects.

Measured in Newtons (N)

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18
Q

What is Newtons 1st Law of Motion

A

Law of inertia:
An object will remain at rest o continue to move with constant momentum in a straight line, unless it is acted upon by a net external force.

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19
Q

Inertia is a force - True or False

A

False - It is not a force

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20
Q

How do you calculate Angular Momentum?

A

Inertia (m) x Angular Velocity

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21
Q

What is inertia proportional to?

A

A Body’s mass

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22
Q

Define Newton’s Second Law of Motion

A

Law of Acceleration
The rate of change of momentum is proportional to the force causing the change and takes place in the direction of the applied bet force.

Force = Mass x acceleration

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23
Q

Define Pressure

A

Pressure is the measure of the distribution of force over the surface area of contact

P = Force / Area

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24
Q

Describe the 3 different types of loading

A

Tensile (force < —— > )
Compressive - pushing in from both sides >——<
Sheer loading

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25
Q

Define Stress

A

A normalised measure of load

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26
Q

How would you calculate compressive or tensile stress

A 
s = F/c.s.a
s = sigma 
F = compressive or tensile load 
c.s.a = cross sectional area
27
Q

How would you calaculate Sheer Stress?

A

Shear Stress t = F/c.s.a

where F= shear load and c.s.a = cross sectional area parallel to load

28
Q

Define Strain

A

A normalised measure of deformation

29
Q

How would you calculate Compressive or Tensile Strain?

A

Compressive or Tensile Strain e = dl/L

where L= original length and dl = change in length

30
Q

How would you calculate Sheer Strain?

A

Shear strain  = dq/q

where q= original angle and dq= change in angle

31
Q

What does Young’s Modulus E = s/e describe?

A

Elasticity of a given material.

32
Q

What Momentum does a static object have?

A

None

33
Q

How can you change the momentum of an object?

A

In order to change the momentum of an object and hence velocity of an object we can either change the magnitude of the force or the time over which it acts.

REMEMBER the impulse momentum relationship
Ft = m2v2- m1v1

34
Q

Describe the relationship between velocity, displacement and time

A

Velocity = change in displacement / change in time

35
Q

How would you calculate Net force (ie during a standing vertical jump)

A

Ground reaction force - Body weight = Net force

36
Q

If to objects collide what will happen to their impulse?

A

Momentum is always conserved (it cannot be lost)

So will stay the same.

37
Q

Define Energy

A

The Capacity to do work

Measured in Joules

38
Q

What are the 2 main types of energy studied in this module?

A

Potential energy and Kinetic energy

39
Q

Define Kinetic energy

A

Ability of a moving object to do work due to its motion

40
Q

How do we calculate Kinetic energy?

A

KE = 0.5mv^2

remember you can rearrange this equation to get velocity

41
Q

Define non eccentric force v eccentric force

A 
NE = Transnational force 
E = rotational force - is a  force that acts off centre
42
Q

Define Moment of Force

A

Moment of Force: The torque caused by an eccentric force

43
Q

How do you calculate torque ?

A

Force x Length

44
Q

How do you calculate torque if the force is being applied at an angle?

A

T= FxLsin{0}

45
Q

What 3 things can manipulate torque?

A

Change the magnitude of Force applied
Change the angle of which the Force is Applied
Change the moment arm length

46
Q

Is clockwise rotation positive or negative?

A

Clockwise = negative

anti clockwise - positive

47
Q

Define Lever

A

A rigid bar that rotates about an axis/ fulcrum

48
Q

Define First Class Lever

A

The applied force and resistive force are on opposite sides to the fulcrum

note they do not need to be equidistant from the fulcrum.

49
Q

Define Second Class Lever

A

The applied and resistive forces are on the same side of the fulcrum axis

The resitive forces are closer to the fulcrum axis

50
Q

Third Class Levers

A

The applied and resistive force are on the same side of the axis

The applied effort force is closer to the fulcrum axis

51
Q

Which type of lever are most muscle bone lever systems for concentric contractions?

A

Third Class Levers

52
Q

What is leverage?

A

The mechanical advantage gained by a lever.

53
Q

What is Mechanical advantage?

A

Moment arm force / moment arm resistance

note remember this is a ratio of the forces so you do not need to work out moments - distance have no effect

54
Q

What is a force couple?

A

Force couple: A pair of equal parallel forces acting on opposite sides of an axis of rotation (rotation without translation)

55
Q

Define Angular Inertia.

A

An Objects resistance to starting to rotate or changing rate of rotation.

56
Q

What is angular inertia a function of?

A

Body Mass

The distribution of the mass relative to the axis of rotation.

57
Q

Moment of Inertia Formula =

State Units

A

I = mr^2 (Kg.m2)

m = mass of particle 
r = radius of rotation
58
Q
  1. Define the function of a lever with the following mechanical advantage
    MA = 1
A

then lever alters direction of motion

59
Q

Define the function of a lever with the following mechanical advantage
MA < 1

A

MA < 1 then velocity of movement is greater as effort force acts over smaller distance so resistance force therefore moved over greater distance in same time

60
Q

Define the function of a lever with the following mechanical advantage
MA < 1

A

MA < 1, and the effort arm is less than the resistance arm. In this case, a much greater effort force is required to overcome the resistance force.

The effort force acts over a small distance, however, with the result that the resistance force is moved over a much greater distance in the same amount of time
When MA < 1, therefore, velocity or speed of movement
is said to be magnified.

61
Q

Define the function of a lever with the following mechanical advantage
MA > 1

A

MA > 1 then lever magnifies effort force as greater torque generated by greater effort arm

62
Q

Describe the Impulse Momentum Relationship

A

The concept that it takes an impulse (force multiplied by time) to change the momentum (mass multiplied by velocity) of an object

63
Q

Define impulse

A

Force multiplied by time or the area under a

force by time curve.

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