BIOMECHANICAL CONCEPTS Flashcards
BIOMECHANICS - DEFINITION
A field that combines the disciplines of biology and engineering mechanisms and utilises the tools of physics, mathematics and engineering to quantitatively describe the properties of biological materials
KINESIOLOGY - DEFINITION
The scientific study of human movement. Kinesiology addresses physiological, biomechanics and psychological dynamic principles and mechanisms of movement
ARTHROKINETICS - DEFINITION
A field that combines the disciplines of biology and engineering mechanics and utilises the tools of physics, mathematics and engineering to quantitatively describe the properties of movement of the joints
STATIC STRUCTURES
Bones
Ligaments
DYNAMIC STRUCTURES
Muscles
Propriocepters
NEUROLOGICAL MECHANISMS
Central control
Local control
Corrective measures
Feedback and feedforward loops
PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS
Vascularity
Energy systems (oxygen, ATP, Fe)
TIME
Age
Timelines
Degeneration
EXTERNAL INFLUENCING FACTORS
Gravity
Inertia
Ground reaction forces
BIOMECHANICAL PRINCIPLES
Centre of gravity
Levers
Torque
Power
Force
Force coupling
Form and force closure
Roll, slide and spin
PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES
Degeneration
Development issues
Trauma
Malnutrition
WHAT IS FORCE?
Force is a push or a pull, with an unequal force allowing an object/limb to move as a result
6 TYPES OF FORCE
Tension
Compression
Bending
Shearing
Torsion
Combined loading
NEWTON’S 1ST LAW OF MOTION
Football being kicked, will remain stationary until it is kicked and will continue at the same speed until it meets another force or resistance
NEWTON’S 2ND LAW OF ACCELERATION
Pulling something: you need a force to make something move and the heavier the mass the greater the force you need to move it. The bigger you are the more energy needed to jump to the same height
NEWTON’S 3RD LAW OF MOTION
If you jump the force applied to the ground has a reaction in making you jump in a different direction
FULCRUM - EXPLANATION AND EXAMPLE
In the human body, a bone forms the lever, and the fulcrum is a joint where a bone van move around the pivot point.
The effort force is provided by muscles and is applied to the lever system at the point where the muscles tendon attaches to the bone serving as the lever.
1st, 2nd and 3rd class levers present in OA, elbow and foot and ankle joints
TORQUE - EXPLANATION AND EXAMPLE
Moment are of a force system is the perpendicular distance from an axis to the line of action of a force. Torque is the ability of a force to cause rotation on a lever.
An example of torque forces is the contraction of ipsilateral ES muscles on individual vertebrae leading to a rotation movement and the subsequent torque force put through the laminae of the intervertebral discs. it is the variation in fibre direction of the laminae of the discs that copes with these forces
LEVERS
A lever system is made-up of 3 parts - an effort, a load and a fulcrum
In the human body, the effort is provided by the muscle (the muscles point of application/insertion), the load is the weight of the body and any added resistance and the fulcrum is the joint itself
TYPES OF LEVERS
1st class lever - fulcrum is in the middle
2nd class lever - resistance is in the middle
3rd class lever - effort is in the middle
EXAMPLES FOR TYPES OF LEVERS
1st class - extension/flexion of skull on the atlas
2nd class - plantar flexion of foot/ankle on the ball of the foot
3rd class - elbow flexion
ROLL
Multiple points along one rotating articular surface contact multiple points on another articular surface
Analogy - A tire rotating across a stretch of pavement
SLIDE
A single point on one articular surface contacts multiple points on another articular surface
Analogy - A non-rotating tire skidding across a stretch of icy pavement
SPIN
A single point on one articular surface rotates on a single point on another articular surface
Analogy - A toy top rotating on one spot on the floor
DISTAL ON PROXIMAL KINEMATICS
Like the femur on tibia during flexion
Like when performing a squat
PROXIMAL ON DISTAL KINEMATICS
Like the tibia on femur during extension
Like kicking a football
