biology1 Flashcards
What is DNA?
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the molecule that carries genetic information in all living organisms, structured as a double helix.
Define “allele.”
An allele is a variant form of a gene. Different alleles can result in different traits, such as eye color
What is the difference between dominant and recessive alleles?
A dominant allele only needs one copy to express a trait, while a recessive allele requires two copies to show the trait.
Define “genotype” and “phenotype.”
Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism, while phenotype is the physical expression of the genotype (traits).
What is genetic engineering?
Genetic engineering is the modification of an organism’s genome by introducing genes from another species to produce desired traits.
Define “active transport.”
Active transport is the movement of substances against a concentration gradient, from low to high concentration, using energy from respiration.
What is the cell cycle?
The cell cycle is a series of stages that cells go through to grow and divide, including interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
What are stem cells?
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to become different types of cells and can divide to produce new cells.
Define “osmosis.”
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water concentration.
What is the function of mitochondria?
Mitochondria are the “powerhouses” of the cell, where respiration occurs to release energy for the cell.
How does the body’s immune system respond to pathogens?
The immune system produces white blood cells that engulf pathogens, produce antibodies, and release antitoxins to neutralize toxins.
What is the role of enzymes in the digestive system?
Enzymes break down large, complex food molecules into smaller, soluble molecules that can be absorbed by the body.
What is osmosis?
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.
How does a bacterial cell differ from a plant cell?
Bacterial cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while plant cells have a nucleus, chloroplasts, and other organelles.
What is the function of mitochondria?
Mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration, where energy is released for the cell.
What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells are smaller, lack a nucleus, and have no membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and contain membrane-bound organelles.
What is the function of ribosomes?
Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in the cell.
Describe the process of cell differentiation.
Cell differentiation is when cells become specialized to perform specific functions, often occurring during the development of an organism.
How does the structure of a root hair cell aid its function?
Root hair cells have a large surface area to absorb more water and minerals from the soil.
Describe how the structure of the alveoli is suited for gas exchange.
Alveoli have a large surface area, thin walls, and are surrounded by capillaries, which allow efficient exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
