Biology Year 10 Flashcards
MRS C GREN
M= movement R = respiration S = sensitivity
C = circulation
G = growth R = reproduction E = excretion N = nutrition
Why do animals need food?
For Energy, Growth & Repair
What do VITAMINS do?
Vitamins prevent disease and help bodies function
What are MINERALS used for?
Minerals are used for building bones, making hormones
What are CARBOHYDRATES used for?
Carbohydrates = main source of energy
What are PROTEINS used for?
Proteins used for growth and repair of cells and tissue.
What are FATS & LIPIDS used for?
For stored energy, keeping us warm
How do you TEST FOR STARCH?
Add iodine. It will turn blacky-blue.
How do you TEST FOR LIPIDS?
Put a drop of oil on filter paper, dry. It will turn translucent (light can pass through but objects can’t be seen clearly).
OR add a drop of oil to 1ml ethanol, shake it & it will turn yellow.
How do you TEST FOR PROTEIN?
Add sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and copper sulphate ( CuSO4). It will turn purple
How do you TEST FOR GLUCOSE?
Add Benedict’s solution to glucose and heat. Will turn from light blue to orange.
What are INCISORS for?
Biting bite sized bits/chewing
CARNIVORES & HERBIVORES
What are CANINES for?
Killing and tearing.
CARNIVORES
What are MOLARS for?
Grinding
HERBIVORES
What is PHYSICAL DIGESTION?
The breaking up of food by chewing with teeth, mouth , stomach (churning).
Ie it is when movement causes food particles to breakdown
What is CHEMICAL DIGESTION?
Firstly happens in the mouth with salivary glands producing an enzyme called AMYLASE.. This breaks down the large insoluble food particles into soluble food particles ( like single glucose molecules) that can travel through the body to the small intestine (where it is absorbed into the bloodstream to travel to the cells).
DIGESTION - discuss the MOUTH & SALIVARY GLANDS
Both used in physical & chemical digestion.
Mouth = physical. Salivary glands = chemical. (Amylase)
DIGESTION - discuss the OESOPHAGUS.
Connects the mouth to stomach. Food passes through oesophagus by muscle contractions called PERISTALSIS.
DIGESTION - discuss the STOMACH
In here, the HCl & pepsin break down the food even further. Also by churning.
HCl helps kill bacteria.
DIGESTION - discuss the SMALL INTESTINE.
Where Chemical Digestion is completed. Also where all the soluble nutrients are absorbed into the blood stream.
DIGESTION - discuss the LARGE INTESTINE.
Where water is absorbed into the body.
DIGESTION - discuss the RECTUM
The storage area for faeces or I digested food material, until elimination occurs.
DIGESTION - discuss the LIVER
The store house & distributor of nutrients.
Products of digestion, like water & food/energy are used by cells & the liver stores some of these products & distributes them to cells who need it and when they need it.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
Describe the blood flow through the heart and lungs.
DEOXYGENATED blood flows to the lungs through the right/left pulmonary artery.
At the lungs, it picks up oxygen & gets rid of waste by going through capillary sized vessels next to an alveolus in the lungs.
The OXYGENATED blood then gets pumped back to the heart through the right/left pulmonary vein.
Then to the LEFT ATRIUM, down the LEFT VENTRICLE, up to the AORTIC ARCH & down through the AORTA..
The oxygenated blood goes through our bodies in ARTERIES then gets pumped back to the heart through VEINS.
Enters the heart through the INFERIOR VENA CAVA, into the RIGHT ATRIUM & down into RIGHT VENTRICLE.
Then through the right/left pulmonary artery to the lungs & the whole cycle starts again
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. Discuss ARTERIES.
Carry blood AWAY from the heart.
Usually, but not always, oxygenated.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
Discuss CAPILLARIES.
Any vein or artery which is small enough to fit between cells.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
Discuss VEINS.
Carry blood TO the heart.
Usually, but not always, deoxygenated.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
Discuss VALVES.
Stop blood flowing back in veins
As blood in veins flows against gravity & so the valves keep the blood from flowing backwards once it has gone ‘up’
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
Discuss breathing.
Breathing is when we take a breath in & the inhaled oxygen goes down our TRACHEA & into our BRONCHUS & then into the BRONCHIOLES. Then into the ALVEOLI at the end of the bronchioles.
When we breathe IN our DIAPHRAGM goes UP.
when it’s relaxed, it’s DOWN.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION occurs in cells where the O2 & glucose is DIFFUSED in & the CO2 & other wastes are diffused out.
GLUCOSE + OXYGEN -> ENERGY + WATER + CARBON DIOXIDE.
discuss how the digestive system & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM perform this equation.
The DIGESTIVE SYSTEM contributes the GLUCOSE which is absorbed into the blood stream after chemical digestion has broken it down. The OXYGEN comes from the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM after the capillaries have had the O2 diffused into them by the alveoli.
Now the CIRCULATORY SYSTEM pumps the blood with OXYGEN & GLUCOSE in it, around the body, to cells where the O2 & nutrients (glucose) are diffused out.
The circulatory system then pumps the waste back to the heart, in the blood. It enters through the Inferior & Superior Vena Cava, into the Right Atrium, down the Right Ventricle & then to the Lungs,, through the right/left pulmonary artery.
The energy comes from the products of digestion like Glucose.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
What happens to the HEART RATE during exercise?
The heart rate/ pulse INCREASES when we exercise.
Because our muscles a working harder & they need more oxygen, so the heart has to pump faster to keep up with demand. We also BREATHE FASTER so there is more oxygen in our lungs.
GENETICS.
what is a RECESSIVE gene?
Is the WEAKER of recessive/dominant & represented with a low case letter
GENETICS.
What is HOMOZYGOUS?
Two of the same ALLELES
eg RR or rr
GENETICS.
What is HETROZYGOUS?
One dominant & one recessive allele.
eg Rr
GENETICS.
What is GENOTYPE?
The actual Genetic makeup of a trait.
eg RR, rr, Rr.
GENETICS.
What is a PHENOTYPE?
The PHYSICAL trait.
Eg green eyes, brown hair etc
GENETICS.
Is VARIATION important?
We need Variation in humans to ensure the survival of the species.
GENETICS.
What is a GAMETE?
The Reproductive Cells (egg, sperm or pollen) that contain only 23 chromosomes.
GENETICS.
What is a ZYGOTE?
The cell from which a new individual grows. Contains 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
GENETICS.
What is SEXUAL MATURITY?
The age or state when an organism can reproduce.
GENETICS.
Discuss CHROMOSOMES.
Every cell carries a genetic code on chromosomes/DNA. Every cell in our bodies contain 46 (23 pairs) of chromosomes. These chromosomes contain DNA & genes which contain instructions like hair colour, height, eye colour , hair texture etc.
GENETICS. PUNNET SQUARES. B= black (dominant) B = brown (recessive) Mrs = BB Mr = bb Draw the square. What is the % phenotype & genotype
Phenotype = 100% black Genotype = 100% hetrozygous
GENETICS. PUNNET SQUARES. B= brown eyes (dominant) b = blue eyes (recessive) Mrs = Bb Mr = Bb Draw the square. What is the % phenotype & genotype
Phenotype =75% brown, 25% blue
Genotype = 50% heterozygous, 25% homozygous dominant,
25% homozygous recessive
GENETICS.
What is MITOSIS?
Occurs in every body cell apart from the sex cells. In mitosis, chromosomes replicate to become double stranded. They then line up together in the middle of the cell & then one of each chromosome moves to the opposite side of the cell. The cell now splits to form 2 cells, each with 46 chromosomes.
GENETICS.
What is MIOSIS?
Occurs in gametes (sperm, eggs). First the chromosomes join up into their pairs. Then division occurs & then division occurs again so we end up with 4 gametes, each with 23 chromosomes.
GENETICS.
What is ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION?
Involves just one parent. No sperm, eggs or pollen. It is the splitting of the cell into two identical cells. Bacteria do this. There is reduced variation.
Also occurs in the propagation of plants by cuttings, runners, splitting bulbs etc
