Biology Unit Test Review

Question 1

Air entering the lungs travels in the following path:
a. mouth/nose – alveoli – bronchioles – capillaries – trachea
b. mouth/nose – trachea – bronchioles – bronchioles – alveoli
c. mouth/nose – trachea – bronchi – bronchioles – alveoli
d. mouth/nose – bronchi – bronchioles – alveoli – capillaries

Answer 1

mouth/nose – trachea – bronchi – bronchioles – alveoli

Question 2

The following statement is FALSE:a. Arteries always carry blood away from the heart.
b. Arteries always carry oxygen-rich blood.
c. Veins always carry blood to the heart.
d. Capillaries are small blood vessels.

Answer 2

Arteries always carry oxygen-rich blood.

Question 3

Which of the following statements is NOT part of the cell theory?
Cells are the smallest unit of life. c. All living things are made of one or more cells.
Cells can form from non-living matter. d. Cells divide to make copies of themselves.

Answer 3

Cells can form from non-living matter.

Question 4

Which of the following statements about cell division (and cells) is true?Adults and children have cells that are the same size, and both adults and children have about the same number of cells.
Adults and children have cells that are the same size, but adults have many more cells than children.
Adults have larger cells than children, and adults have many more cells than children.
Adults have larger cells than children, and both adults and children have about the same number of cells.

Answer 4

Adults and children have cells that are the same size, but adults have many more cells than children.

Question 5

What term is used to describe a group of cells that function together to perform specialized tasks?
1.organs 2.specialized cells
3.stem cells 4.tissue

Answer 5

Tissue

Question 6

What type of tissue is blood?
a. nervous tissue b. connective tissue
c. epithelial tissue d. muscle tissue

Answer 6

b. connective tissue

Question 7

What is the function of the organelle known as the nucleus?
to permit the cell to undergo movement
to capture the Sun’s energy and use it to produce sugars
to provide the cell with a rigid frame that provides protection and support
to hold the genetic information of the cell and to control its function

Answer 7

to hold the genetic information of the cell and to control its function

Question 8

In what part of the body are the most nutrients absorbed?
a. mouth b. small intestine
c. stomach
d. Large intestine

Answer 8

small intestine

Question 9

Describe the path food takes through the digestive system from the moment it enters the body (ingestion) until it exits the body (excretion).

Answer 9

Mouth → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → rectum → anus

Question 10

Starting and ending in the right atrium, trace the path of blood through the body.

Answer 10

Right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → arteries → arterioles → capillaries (body cells) → venules → veins → vena cava → right atrium

Question 11

Describe how breathing works.

Answer 11

The process of respiration, during which air is inhaled into the lungs through the mouth or nose due to muscle contraction and then exhaled due to muscle relaxation.

Question 12

People with a blood disorder called anemia have a deficiency of hemoglobin in their red blood cells. Hemoglobin is the protein that carries oxygen molecules on it. Explain how this disorder could affect the function of the human body.

Answer 12

could affect the function of the human body.
Poor delivery of O2 throughout the body.
Weakness, fatigue, dizzy, cold hands/feet

Question 13

Explain the role of diffusion in the following systems:
Respiratory:
Circulatory:
Digestive:

Answer 13

Respiratory → O2 and CO2 moves from high concentration to low concentration
Circulatory: → nutrients, O2 and CO2 delivered to areas of the body that need them, then diffuse from high concentration to low concentration
Digestive → Nutrients are absorbed in different areas of the digestive tract such as the small intestine from high concentration to low concentration, then are transported throughout the body

Question 14

Why do plant and animal cells have some of the same organelles? Describe three examples of organelles that are common to both.

Answer 14

Both are eukaryotic cells. Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane etc

Question 15

Why do plant cells have some organelles that animal cells do not? Name three of these organelles and summarize their functions.

Answer 15

Different organelles perform different functions specific to the plant such as photosynthesis. Cell wall, chloroplast, large vacuole

Question 16

Explain why cells are so small.

Answer 16

Cells are so little, so they can maximize their ratio of surface area to volume

Question 17

What are the three statements that make up cell theory?

Answer 17

Living things are made up of one or more cells and their products
The cell is the simplest unit that can carry out all life processes
All cells come from other cells, they do not come from non-living matter

Question 18

Define the term “diffusion” and explain why this process is so important to cell processes.

Answer 18

The net movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration
Allows for the cell to get nutrients and wastes through the cell membrane

Question 19

Compare and contrast diffusion and osmosis.

Answer 19

Movement of solute molecules from lower concentration to a higher concentration of solution through a semipermeable membrane. Usually water.

Question 20

Describe hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions and their impact on a cell. Hyper: Greater outside……
Hypo: greater inside….
Iso soultes the same inside and……

Answer 20

Hyper (concentrated solution) - concentration of solutes is greater outside the cell than inside therefore water will leave the cell causing it to shrink
Hypo (dilute solution) - concentration of solutes is greater inside the cell than outside the cell therefore water will flow into the cell causing it to swell
Iso (normal solution) - concentration of solutes is the same inside and outside of the cell therefore there is no net movement of water.

Question 21

What are several reasons why cells divide?

Answer 21

Grow (go from small to larger organism), reproduce (pass on DNA - asexual = one parent, sexual = two parents), repair (old or damaged cells).

Question 22

What is a cell cycle?

Answer 22

Three stages a cell passes through as it grows and divides; interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis. Varies in time (based on the cell type), from hours, to years, to never.

Question 23

Can you describe the cell at the various stages of cell division?

Answer 23

Interphase: longest stage, cell grows (early interphase), duplicates DNA (late interphase), organelles (centrioles) replicate and move to poles.
Metaphase: chromatin condenses to become chromosomes. Nuclear membrane dissolves
Prophase: chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell Centrioles send out spindle fibres. .
Anaphase: centromere splits, sister chromatids move to opposite poles. Centrioles shorten spindle fibres.
Telophase: chromatids stretch out into chromatin, nuclear membrane reforms, cell appears to have two nuclei
Cytokinesis: cell membrane pinches apart at the cleavage furrow. Cytoplasm splits into two identical daughter cells.

Question 24

Define the terms: “specialization”,A cell is able to… “differentiation”a process by which a cell…, and “stem cells”. they have no… jo

Answer 24

Specialization: a cell is able to do a specific job
Differentiation: the process by which a cell gets a specific job
Stem Cells: undifferentiated cells (they have no job yet. Two types - embryonic and adult tissue stem cells

Question 25

Why is cell specialization important?

Answer 25

Important for various functions of the human body. Specialized cells allow for specific tasks to be performed efficiently. Ex. RBC help to carry oxygen throughout the body, skin cells cover the body and reduce water loss.

Question 26

Describe the hierarchy of structure in animals, giving an example at each level.

Answer 26

Progression of structure organization from least to most complex.
Cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism

Question 27

What is an organ?

Answer 27

a structure composed of different tissues working together to perform a complex body function

Question 28

What is the overall function of the digestive system? The respiratory system? The circulatory system?

Answer 28

Digestive: take in food, digest it, then excrete waste
Respiratory: provide oxygen for the body and allow oxygen to leave the body (gas exchange)
Circulatory: to transport substances around the body

Question 29

What are several differences between arteries and veins?

Answer 29

Arteries: carry blood away from heart, high pressure, thick walls
Veins: carry blood towards the heart, low pressure, thinner walls, one-way valves

Question 30

What is a cancer cell? What is a tumour? What is the difference between malignant and benign?

Answer 30

Cancer: a group of diseases in which cells grow and divide out of control. Cell does not stay in interphase long enough to pass through cell checkpoints. Cell continues to divide despite messages from the nucleus to stop.
Tumor: rapid growing mass of cells forming a lump
Malignant = cancerous tumor cells which interfere with the function of neighboring cells.
Benign = non-cancerous tumor cells that stay together and do not affect the function of cells around them

Question 31

What is a carcinogen? What is a mutation?

Answer 31

What are some ways that your lifestyle can reduce your cancer risk?
Carcinogen: environmental factor that increases risk of cancer, or causes cancer.
Mutation: a change to the cell’s DNA that prevents the cell from staying in interphase. Results in the cell dividing faster and uncontrollably.
Avoid tobacco smoke, eat lots of veggies, exercise regularly, maintain a healthy weight, avoid eating fatty (red) meats.

Question 32

Cytokinesis

Answer 32

Cell membrane pinches in; cytoplasm divides between two cells.

Question 33

Spindle fibres pull chromosomes apart.

Answer 33

Anaphase

Question 34

Cell makes copy of its DNA.

Answer 34

S Phase

Question 35

Telophase

Answer 35

Chromosomes stretch out; nuclear membrane reforms.

Question 36

Cell grows and makes new organelles.

Answer 36

G2 Phase

Question 37

Chromosomes shorten and thicken; nuclear membrane
disappears.

Answer 37

Prophase

Question 38

Cell grows and makes structures needed for cell division

Answer 38

G1 Phase

Question 39

Chromosomes line up in middle of cell.

Answer 39

Metaphase

Question 40

Cell is not dividing.

Answer 40

Interphase.