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Biology > Biology- Unit 2 > Flashcards

Biology- Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the structure of the nucleus

A

Double membrane
Nuclear pores
Chromatin
Nucleolus

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2
Q

Describe the structure and function of the rough ER

A

Contains ribosomes

Folds and processes proteins made on the ribosomes

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3
Q

Describe the structure and function of the smooth ER

A

Like the rough ER with no ribosomes

Produces and processes lipids

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4
Q

Describe the structure and function of the Golgi

A

A series of flattened curved sacs with vesicles surrounding it
Processes and packages proteins and produces lysosomes

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5
Q

Describe the structure and function of the mitochondria

A

Double membrane
Inner membrane folded into cristae
Matrix
Where aerobic respiration takes place

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6
Q

Describe the structure and function of the centrioles

A

Hollow cylinders containing microtubules

Involved in cell division

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7
Q

Describe the structure and function of the ribosomes

A

80s in Eukaryote

70s in Bacteria

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8
Q

Describe the structure and function of lysosomes

A

Vesicles

Digestive enzymes

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9
Q

What does gram positive mean?

A

Cell wall comprised of thick layer of peptidoglycan

Violet/ purple under microscope

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10
Q

What does gram negative mean?

A

Cell wall is thinner
Outer lipopolysaccharide membrane
Red under microscope

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11
Q

What is a lysogenic virus?

A

Insert DNA into host cells DNA in the form of provirus

Provirus can stay dormant if virus produces repressor proteins

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12
Q

What is a lytic virus?

A

Insert DNA/RNA into cytoplasm of host
Viral genome is replicated independently
Lysis of host cell

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13
Q

Describe the order of mitosis

A

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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14
Q

Describe interphase

A

DNA replicates
Cell prepares to divide
Chromosomes and some organelles are replicated
Chromosomes condense to form chromatin

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15
Q

Describe prophase

A

Spindle fibres appear
Chromosomes condense
Spindles attach to chromosomes

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16
Q

Describe metaphase

A

Chromosomes align on the equator

17
Q

Describe anaphase

A

Centromeres divide

Sister chromatids move to opposite poles

18
Q

Describe telophase

A

Nuclear membrane reforms

Spindle fibres disappear

19
Q

Describe cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasm divides
Parent cell becomes 2 daughter cells
IDENTICAL

20
Q

When does crossing over occur and what does it entail?

A

Occurs between prophase 1 and metaphase 1 of meiosis

Exchange of sections of DNA between homologous chromosomes

21
Q

What is independent assortment?

A

Various combinations of maternal and paternal chromosome arrangement

22
Q

What is translocation?

A

Can be unbalanced or balanced

Involves genes breaking off one chromosome and attaching onto the other

23
Q

What is an example of polysomy?

A

Down’s syndrome

24
Q

What is an example of monosomy?

A

Turner’s syndrome

25
Q

Describe spermatogenesis

A

1) Primordial germ cells divide several times to form spermatogonia
2) Spermatogonia grow without further division to form primary spermatocytes
3) P. spermatocytes undergo meiosis to form secondary spermatocytes
4) S. spermatocytes undergo meiosis to form spermatids
5) Spermatids differentiate and grow into spermatozoa

26
Q

Describe oogenesis

A

1) Primordial germ cells divide by mitosis to form oogonia
2) Only 1 oogonium continues to grow to form a P. oocyte
3) First mitotis division forms one secondary oocyte and one polar body
4) Second mitotic division forms one haploid ootid and one polar body
5) Second mitotic division of polar body- die when the ootid develops

27
Q

Describe mammalian fertilisation

A

Ovum-
Contains zona pellucida (protective coating)
Cortical granules cause zona pellucida to harden after sperm has fused
Follicle cells form protective coating around egg

Spermatozoa-
Acrosome contains enzymes that ‘digest’ zona pellucida
Cortical reaction occurs preventing polyspermy

28
Q

Describe gametogenesis in plants

A

Pollen formation-

1) Diploid microspore in anther undergo meiosis- form 4 haploid microspores
2) haploid microspores undergo mitosis into pollen grains which consist of 2 nuclei

Ovum formation-

1) Diploid megaspore undergo mitosis, forms an ootid and 3 polar bodies
2) The ootid undergoes three mitotic divisions to form an embryo sac

Biology (10 decks)

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