biology unit 2 Flashcards
organization of life
atom–>molecule–>organelle–>cell–>tissue–>organ–>system–>organism
cell membrane
contains the cell, protects it from bad things outside but allows some things to travel in and out
double layer thick
nucleus
like the brain of the cell, controls eating, movement and reproduction
cytoplasm
suspends the organelles inside the cell, contains rich nutrients
choloroplasts
food producers, work to convert light energy into sugars (site of photosynthesis)
vacuole
stores food and nutrients for the cell, along with it’s waste to protect the rest of the cell from contamination
endoplasmic reticulum
functions as a manufacturing and packaging system, circulates nutrients throughout the cell
ribosome
site of protein synthesis
lysosomes
digest food for the cell to break down, and break down when the cell dies
golgi apparatus
receive modify and transport products around the cell
mitochondrion
takes in nutrients, breaks them down and creates energy rich molecules sugar —> energy
centrioles
there to help the cell when it needs to divide and reproduce
pulls apart chromosomes
not charged molecules
diffuse easily through the membrane, good because we need a lot of oxygen (oxygen and CO2)
charged molecules
pass more slowly through aquaporins (water and ethanol)
membrane carbohydrates
determines the cell, is a marker
highly charged molecules
cant pass through, and always need to go through special transport
selectively permeable
allowing some things through the membrane and certain things don’t get to go through
open system
that exchanges both matter and energy with its sourroundings
closed system
a system that cannot transfer matter to its energy, but can transfer energy
solute
a substance that is dissolved in a solution
solvent
substance that dissolves one or more solutes in a solution
solution
mixture in which separates components are not visible
diffusion
spontaneous movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
osmosis
a special kind of diffusion that involves only water
concentration gradient
different levels of concentration, difference in height
homeostasis
state of balance, state of perfectness-what nature always wants
passive transport
movement from high concentration to low concentration NO ENERGY NEEDED-with the concentration gradient
protein pumps
use a source of free energy such as ATP or light to drive the thermodynamically uphill transport or IONS or molecules
facilitated diffusion
diffusion of molecules across a membrane with the help of carrier proteins
active transport
movement of molecules across a membrane against the concentration gradient, requires energy (ATP)
isotonic
describing a solution that has the same solute concentration as another solution
ATP
is a source of energy from the mitochondria as it turns sugar into energy (adenosine triphosphate)
endocytosis
process of a vacuole engulfing a molecule that is too big to fit through the membrane
exocytosis
vesicle inside the cell that moves to the membrane fuses with it, and releases the particles from the cell
bulk transport
many particles came in and out at the same time
types of passive transport
regular diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
types of active transport
protein pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis
hypotonic
less solute- more water or dissolving - more is going out
hypertonic
more solute - less water or dissolvent - more is going in
water moves ..
from highly concentrated (hypotonic) environment to hypertonic (low concentration) environment
life processes necessary for organisms to survive
release of waste, gas exchange and food source
particle theory
- all things are made up of particles big and small
- particles are constantly moving
- particles are at tracked to each other
- particles have spaces between them (smallest solids largest gases)
