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biology test human system Flashcards

1
Q

what are cells?

A

the basic unit of life, they use energy, and take specific shapes to preform specific functions

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2
Q

what are tissues?

A

a group of cells that work together to preform a function. contain more than one type of cell.

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3
Q

name the 10/11 organ systems

A

nervous
respiratory
circulatory/cardiovascular
digestive
immune
musculoskeletal
excretory
endocrine
reproductive
integumentary

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3
Q

air is a mixture of what gasses

A

78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% argon, and 0.04% carbon dioxide and other

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3
Q

what are the 4 basic types of tissue?

A

connective, epithelial, muscle, nerve

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4
Q

what are organs

A

group of tissues that work together to perform a function

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5
Q

whats an organ system

A

a group of organs that interact to performs a function

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6
Q

why do we need oxygen?

A

cells use oxygen to obtain energy from food in a process called cellular respiration

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7
Q

how is oxygen supplied to body cells?

A

gas exchange, respiratory system to allow o2 and co2 to move through

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8
Q

what is energy and how is it stored

A

glucose reacts with oxygen, it is stored in ATP (used for growth etc)

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8
Q

what r the 4 key structures in human resp sys

A

1) a thin permeable resp membrane through which diffusion can occur
2) a large surface area for gas exchange
3) a good blood supply
4) a breathing system

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9
Q

explain the pathway of air

A

mouth/nose -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli

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10
Q

what are the 3 key players in the mechanics of breathing

A

brain, diaphragm, intercostal muscle

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11
Q

what happens when you inhale

A

intercostal muscles contract, ribs pull up and out, air pressure in lungs is lower than air pressure outside body so air moves into lungs

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12
Q

what happens when you exhale

A

diaphragm relaxes, intercostal muscles relax, air moves from high pressure inside to lower pressure outside body

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13
Q

whats the medulla oblongata

A

part in the brain that regulates breathing unconciously

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14
Q

what is homeostasis

A

A state of balance among all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly.

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15
Q

what is spirometry

A

study of lung function

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16
Q

what is a spirograph

A

graph depicting various lung volumes

17
Q

what is tidal volume (TV)

A

volume inhaled and exhaled with each breath at REST

18
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

additional volume of air that can be taken beyond regular inhalation

19
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

A

additional volume of air that can be forced out beyond regular exhalation

20
Q

what is vital capacity (VC)

A

total volume of gas that can be moved into or out of lungs

21
Q

what is residual volume (RV)

A

amount of air remaining in the lungs after full exhalation, prevents collapse of lungs

22
Q

list 4 reasons why we have a CV system

A

1) to transport gases, nutrients, wastes
2) to regulate internal body temp (homeostasis)
3) to transport hormones
4) to transport immune cells to fight infection

23
Q

what are the 3 phases of cardiac cycle

A

1) relaxation (0.4 sec)
2) atrial contraction pushes blood into ventricles (0.1 sec)
3) ventricals contract and push blood into arteries through semi lunar valves (0.3 sec)

24
Q

what are the two types of circulation

A

pulmonary (lungs), systemic (rest of body n heart)

25
Q

whats a sinatrial node

A

a pacemaker, setting the heart rate. sends an electrical signal that spreads through the atria, causing it to contract

26
Q

how does the nervous system affect the heart

A

the heart rate can be increased or decreased through nervous sys input. through medulla oblongata

27
Q

what 4 factors affect heart rate, and what does that mean for the heart

A

1) low everything -> heart need to speed
2) high everything -> heart need to slow
3) hormonal control -> fight or flight adrenaline
3) body temperature -> increase heart rate

28
Q

what is the function and life span of RBCs

A

oxygen transport
110-120 days

28
Q

what is plasma

A

55% of blood volume, consists of water, sugar, proteins (NO CELLS). its yellowish

29
Q

what are the cellular components of the blood

A

45% blood volume, consist of RBCs, WBCs, platelets

30
Q

what is the function and life span of plasma

A

maintain fluid balance, blood at 7.4, transport substances
N/A

31
Q

what is the function and life span of WBCs

A

infection fighters
hours-weeks

32
Q

what is the function and life span of platelets

A

blood clotting chemicals released during injury to attract platelets to injury site
8-10 days

33
Q

whats the difference between arteries, veins, and capillaries

A

arteries have thick walls and are composed of three distinct layers
veins have thin walls but wider lumen
capillaries are very small and will not be under same mag

34
Q

arteries function, muscle fibres, pressure, and valve

A

carry blood AWAY from heart, abundant, high, no

35
Q

vein function, muscle fibres, pressure, and valve

A

carry blood TO the heart, small amts, low, yes

36
Q

capillaries function, muscle fibres, pressure, and valve

A

material exchange with body tissues, none, low, no

37
Q

explain the 3 ways to measure the CV sys

A

blood pressure, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure,

37
Q

what is hypertension

A

consistent blood pressure above the normal level, can damage arteries, stroke risk

38
Q

give some examples of factors that affect blood pressure

A

diet, stress, activity level, age, genetics

39
Q

what is cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped out by heart

40
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

Atherosclerosis is a condition where plaque builds up inside your arteries, narrowing them and restricting blood flow, which can lead to serious health problems like heart attacks and strokes.

41
Q

how does a heart attack happen

A

coronary arteries get blocked by atherosclerosis, which can cause a heart attack. without enough o2, the heart muscles cells cant make enough ATP, without it the heart cant contract, and will start to spasm. deadly

biology (7 decks)

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