biology test human system Flashcards
what are cells?
the basic unit of life, they use energy, and take specific shapes to preform specific functions
what are tissues?
a group of cells that work together to preform a function. contain more than one type of cell.
name the 10/11 organ systems
nervous
respiratory
circulatory/cardiovascular
digestive
immune
musculoskeletal
excretory
endocrine
reproductive
integumentary
air is a mixture of what gasses
78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% argon, and 0.04% carbon dioxide and other
what are the 4 basic types of tissue?
connective, epithelial, muscle, nerve
what are organs
group of tissues that work together to perform a function
whats an organ system
a group of organs that interact to performs a function
why do we need oxygen?
cells use oxygen to obtain energy from food in a process called cellular respiration
how is oxygen supplied to body cells?
gas exchange, respiratory system to allow o2 and co2 to move through
what is energy and how is it stored
glucose reacts with oxygen, it is stored in ATP (used for growth etc)
what r the 4 key structures in human resp sys
1) a thin permeable resp membrane through which diffusion can occur
2) a large surface area for gas exchange
3) a good blood supply
4) a breathing system
explain the pathway of air
mouth/nose -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli
what are the 3 key players in the mechanics of breathing
brain, diaphragm, intercostal muscle
what happens when you inhale
intercostal muscles contract, ribs pull up and out, air pressure in lungs is lower than air pressure outside body so air moves into lungs
what happens when you exhale
diaphragm relaxes, intercostal muscles relax, air moves from high pressure inside to lower pressure outside body
whats the medulla oblongata
part in the brain that regulates breathing unconciously
what is homeostasis
A state of balance among all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly.
what is spirometry
study of lung function
what is a spirograph
graph depicting various lung volumes
what is tidal volume (TV)
volume inhaled and exhaled with each breath at REST
what is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
additional volume of air that can be taken beyond regular inhalation
what is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?
additional volume of air that can be forced out beyond regular exhalation
what is vital capacity (VC)
total volume of gas that can be moved into or out of lungs
what is residual volume (RV)
amount of air remaining in the lungs after full exhalation, prevents collapse of lungs
list 4 reasons why we have a CV system
1) to transport gases, nutrients, wastes
2) to regulate internal body temp (homeostasis)
3) to transport hormones
4) to transport immune cells to fight infection
what are the 3 phases of cardiac cycle
1) relaxation (0.4 sec)
2) atrial contraction pushes blood into ventricles (0.1 sec)
3) ventricals contract and push blood into arteries through semi lunar valves (0.3 sec)
what are the two types of circulation
pulmonary (lungs), systemic (rest of body n heart)
whats a sinatrial node
a pacemaker, setting the heart rate. sends an electrical signal that spreads through the atria, causing it to contract
how does the nervous system affect the heart
the heart rate can be increased or decreased through nervous sys input. through medulla oblongata
what 4 factors affect heart rate, and what does that mean for the heart
1) low everything -> heart need to speed
2) high everything -> heart need to slow
3) hormonal control -> fight or flight adrenaline
3) body temperature -> increase heart rate
what is the function and life span of RBCs
oxygen transport
110-120 days
what is plasma
55% of blood volume, consists of water, sugar, proteins (NO CELLS). its yellowish
what are the cellular components of the blood
45% blood volume, consist of RBCs, WBCs, platelets
what is the function and life span of plasma
maintain fluid balance, blood at 7.4, transport substances
N/A
what is the function and life span of WBCs
infection fighters
hours-weeks
what is the function and life span of platelets
blood clotting chemicals released during injury to attract platelets to injury site
8-10 days
whats the difference between arteries, veins, and capillaries
arteries have thick walls and are composed of three distinct layers
veins have thin walls but wider lumen
capillaries are very small and will not be under same mag
arteries function, muscle fibres, pressure, and valve
carry blood AWAY from heart, abundant, high, no
vein function, muscle fibres, pressure, and valve
carry blood TO the heart, small amts, low, yes
capillaries function, muscle fibres, pressure, and valve
material exchange with body tissues, none, low, no
explain the 3 ways to measure the CV sys
blood pressure, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure,
what is hypertension
consistent blood pressure above the normal level, can damage arteries, stroke risk
give some examples of factors that affect blood pressure
diet, stress, activity level, age, genetics
what is cardiac output
volume of blood pumped out by heart
what is atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a condition where plaque builds up inside your arteries, narrowing them and restricting blood flow, which can lead to serious health problems like heart attacks and strokes.
how does a heart attack happen
coronary arteries get blocked by atherosclerosis, which can cause a heart attack. without enough o2, the heart muscles cells cant make enough ATP, without it the heart cant contract, and will start to spasm. deadly
