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Bio 11 > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is taxonomy

A

the science of classification of living things

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2
Q

What is a taxonomist

A

biologist who classifies living things

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3
Q

What is a prokaryote

A

cells that do not have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. unicellular

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4
Q

What is a Eukaryote

A

an organism whose cells contain a nucleus within a membrane

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5
Q

What is endosymbiosis

A

it is a theory about how eukaryote cells could have evolved from prokaryotic cells through symbiosis

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6
Q

What is dichotomous

A

-used by taxonomists to classify unknown organisms
-involve a series of steps that require choices

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7
Q

What is thermoacidophile

A

-a classification of archaea, “heat and acid loving”
-can withstand temps above 100 degrees,
-found in volcanic crater lakes

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7
Q

What is a methanogen

A

-a classification of archaea
-methane generators
-anaerobic (survive without o2)
-live in swamps, sewage
-released methane as waste products

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8
Q

What is a halophile

A

-a classification of archaea
-“salt lovers”
-live in areas with high salt concentrations
-found in great salt lake

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9
Q

What is gram positive

A

Gram-positive bacteria are a type of bacteria that have a thick cell wall. This cell wall helps protect the bacteria from antibiotics. STAINS PURPLE

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10
Q

what is gram negative

A

bacteria wall has thin protein layer, more complex, more toxic, STAINS PINK

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11
Q

What is spirilla

A

spiral-shaped bacteria

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12
Q

What is cocci

A

spherical shaped bacteria

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13
Q

What is bacilli

A

rod-shaped bacteria

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14
Q

What is binary fission

A

asexual reproduction in bacteria, it creates exact genetic copies

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14
Q

What is conjugation

A

the exchange of genetic material through binary fission in bacteria.
-all or part of the bacterial chromosome transferred through pilus

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15
Q

What is pilus

A

a tube-like structure that bacterial cells are linked through. all or part of bacterial chromosome is transferred through it.

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16
Q

What is plasmid

A

small loops of DNA separate from the main chromosome called plasmids.
-can transfer from one bacterium to another during conjugation
-used in genetic engineering to transfer new genes into cells

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16
Q

What is pathogenic

A

disease-causing microbes
-disease in plant: wilts, fruit rots
-disease in animals: tooth decay, ulcers, lyme, STDS

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17
Q

What is heterotroph

A

something that cannot produce its own food, and feeds off other things

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17
Q

What is autotroph

A

something that can produce its own food using light, water, or other chemicals

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18
Q

What is vascular

A

extensive transport systems in PLANTS, carries water and minerals, structure

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19
Q

What is non-vascular

A

no extensive transport systems, eg: mosses

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20
Q

What is angiosperm

A

flower plants, can be classified into two groups
-monocots: thin leafs, single cotyledon
-dicots: broad leafs, two cotyledons

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21
Q

What is gymnosperm

A

seeds are not enclosed (conifers)

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22
Q

What is hyphae

A

thread-like components of cytoplasm surrounded by cell membrane and cell wall made of chitin; used to absorb nutrients (Fungi)

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23
Q

What is mycelium

A

interwoven mat of branching hyphae; feeding structure that ensures maximum contact with food surface
(fungi)

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24
Q

What is mycorrhiza

A

a symbiotic association between plant roots and fungi. Their major role is to enhance nutrient and water uptake by the host plant by exploiting a larger volume of soil than roots alone can do.

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25
Q

What is ectoderm

A

the outermost germ layer in animals. It gives rise to the skin, nervous system, and sense organs.

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26
Q

What is mesoderm

A

the middle layer of the three germ layers that develops during gastrulation in the very early development of the embryo of most animals

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27
Q

What is endoderm

A

the innermost germ layer that gives rise to the lining of the gut, the gills, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and derivatives of the pharyngeal pouch

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27
Q

What is radial symmetry

A

clear top/bottom; bodies organized around a central axis

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28
Q

What is bilateral symmetry

A

clear front/back; top/bottom; can be cut into 2 mirror-image halves through 1 vertical plane; eg. humans

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29
Q

What is dorsal

A

to the back

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30
Q

What is ventral

A

to the abdomen

31
Q

What is anterior

A

front surface

31
Q

What is posterior

A

near the rear

31
Q

What is cephalization

A

the process involving the concentration of sensory and feeding organs such as nerve cells, mouth, and jaws at the anterior end and the development of the brain.

32
Q

who is “the father of taxonomy” and what did he make?

A

Carolus Linnaeus, he formalized the modern classification system in the 1700s, still used today.

33
Q

What is the formula for total magnification

A

Ocular x Objective

34
Q

What is the calc for finding the diameter of FOV under high power

A

((Diameter (LP) x Mag of LP objective)) / mag of HP obj

34
Q

What is the formula for finding object size

A

Fov diameter/# of cells that fit across diameter

35
Q

Explain endosymbiotic theory

A
  • mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living cells
  • prokaryotes engulfed and incorporated them as organelles
  • mitochondria and chloroplasts are believed to be the descendants of once free-living prokaryotes
36
Q

What are some similarities between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

A

-Ribosomes
-DNA
-Cell Membrane
-Cytoplasm
-Essential functions of life

36
Q

Whats the formula to find drawing mag

A

Measure size of drawing / actual size of specimen

37
Q

what Supports Endosymbiotic Theory

A
  • membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar to prokaryotes
  • mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduce by binary fission (like prokaryotes)
  • mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own DNA and ribosomes
37
Q

What are some differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

A
  • Prokaryotes are smaller
  • Pro has single chromosome, Euk has multiple
  • Pro has no membrane bound organelles
  • euk is sexual rep, pro is asexual rep
  • pro has no true nucleus
37
Q

What are the rules for scientific naming (3)

A

1) Genus name must be capitalized
2) Species name must be lower case
3) Both names are either underlined/italics

38
Q

List the 6 kingdom model

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, fungi, plantae, animilia

39
Q

What are the three domains of life

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota

40
Q

Classify a human

A

D: Eukarya
K: Animalia
P: Chordata
C: Mammilia
O: Primates
F: Hominidae
G: Homo
S: sapiens

41
Q

List the classification system

A

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (DKPCOFGS)

42
Q

name 1 outlining difference for each of the three domains of life

A

bacteria - prokaryotic

archaea - extreme environments

eukaryotes - eukaryotic

42
Q

What are some characteristics of kingdom archaea?

A
  • Oldest known organisms (3.5 b)
  • Unicellular, prokaryotic
  • Extremeophiles (habitat)
  • ## Some can live without oxygen
43
Q

What are the 3 classifications of BACTERIA by shape

A

Spherical? Cocci.
Rod Shaped? Bacilli.
Spiral? Spirilli.

43
Q

What are the three classifications of Archaea

A

1) Methanogens: swamps, release methane, no o2

2) Halophiles: “salt lovers” great salt lake

3) Thermoacidophiles: “heat and acid loving”, volcano crater lakes

44
Q

What are the 3 classifications of BACTERIA by how they grow

A

Cells arranged in pairs? Diplococci.
Cells arranged in clusters? Staphylococci.
Cells arranged in a chain? Streptococci.

45
Q

What are the classifications of BACTERIA by cell wall structure

A

Gram positive and gram negative

45
Q

what are the benefits of bacteria

A
  • decomposers
  • nitrogen fixation
  • help in digestion (E. coli)
  • produce foods n medicines
46
Q

Explain reproduction in bacteria

A

They do not have nuclei, therefore cannot undergo mitosis. Instead they reproduce asexually by binary fission, or exchange genetic material by conjugation. The cells are linked by a tube-like pilus to transfer chromosomes.

47
Q

Explain the process of H. Pylori

A
  • Barry Marshall and Robin Warren
  • many patients with gastric ulcers had a bacterial infection in their stomach lining
  • hypothesis: bacteria might play a role in causing ulcers, contrary to the prevailing belief that stress was the cause
  • The bacteria were found to colonize the stomach lining and disrupt the protective mucous layer, allowing stomach acid to irritate the sensitive lining beneath, leading to ulcers.
48
Q

What are some characteristics of kingdom protista, its habitat, and examples

A
  • Mostly unicellular, some multi
  • Live in water, many parasites
  • Amoeba, Malaria
49
Q

How are Protista classified

A
  • Animal like protists (heterotrophs)
  • Plant like protists (autotrophs)
    -Fungus like protists (decomposers)
50
Q

What are some characteristics of fungi

A
  • heterotrophic
  • no roots
51
Q

Explain the three main fungi structures

A

1) Hyphae: thread-like components of cytoplasm, surrounded by cell mem and wall made of chitin. ABSORB NUTRIENTS

2) Mycelium: interwoven mat of hyphae, ensures max contact w/ food surface

3) Fruiting Body: reproductive structure; part visible above ground, extension of mycelium

52
Q

How are animals classified

A

1) Vertebrates (backbone; mammals), or invertebrates (no backbone, worms)

53
Q

What are the two symmetry’s animals can have

A

1) Radial (central axis, top n bottom)
2) Bilateral (clear sides, can be cut into 2 mirror image)

54
Q

What are the 3 embryonic grown layers

A

Mesoderm (Middle; muscle, heart)

Ectoderm (Outer, nervous system

Endoderm (Inner, respiratory, urinary)

55
Q

How do you classify plants? Outline the two branches.

A

B1) Nonvascular (moss)

B2) Vascular –> Seedless / Seed: –> Gymnosperms (seeds not enclosed) / Angiosperms (flowers): –> Monocots (thin leaf) / Dicots (two cotyledons)

56
Q

What r the 3 types of plant cells

A

1) Parenchyma (Food storage, fruit)

2) Collenchyma (uneven walls, celery)

3) Sclerenchyma (supports cells, water conduct, xylem)

57
Q

What are the 3 types of plant tissue

A

Dermal (skin)
Vascular (transport)
Ground (Storage, in between)

58
Q

What are the branches of plant organs

A

1) Roots (anchor, structural support)
2) Shoots: Stems(transport) / Leaves (photsyn) / flowers (rep)

59
Q

What are horomones

A

Chemical signalling molecules that cause a change in the receiving cell

60
Q

Cuticle function

A

Prevent evaporation from the leaf surface

61
Q

Guard cell function

A

Helps to regulate the rate of transpiration by opening and closing the stomata

62
Q

Stoma function

A

Remove body waste

63
Q

Upper epidermis function

A

Helps to prevent water loss

64
Q

Palisade Mesophyll function

A

Maximize energy prod. during photosyn

65
Q

Spongy mesophill function

A

Allow for interchange of gasses for photosyn

66
Q

Lower epidermis function

A

Allows gaseous exchange and regulation of the flow of water in tissues of leaf

67
Q

List and brief explain 5 main plant hormones

A

Auxin - plant growth n development, respond to light and gravity

Gibberellins - stim growth, early flowering

Cytokinins - cell division, delay aging

Ethylene - gas state, fruit ripening, gas spreads to other fruits allowing them to ripen

ABA - inhibits growth

68
Q

What are tropisms

A

plant growth responses to an environmental stimulus

69
Q

Explain phototropism

A

Light receptors trigger the redistribution of auxin to the dark side of the plant. Grows towards the light

70
Q

What are the main plant tropisms

A

1) Phototropism (light)
2) Gravitropism (gravity)

71
Q

What are some rules for scientific drawings

A
  • take up 1/3
  • sharp pencil
  • do not be creative
  • clean lines
  • label lines must touch
  • title
  • drawing mag
71
Q

Explain gravitropism

A

Auxin will accumulate on the lower side of the plant in response to the force of gravity

72
Q

How do plants reproduce

A

The anther produces pollen grains that contain male gametophytes. The pollen grains attach to the stigma on top of a carpel, in which the female gametophytes (inside ovules) are located.

Bio 11 (7 decks)

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