Biodiversity Flashcards
What is taxonomy
the science of classification of living things
What is a taxonomist
biologist who classifies living things
What is a prokaryote
cells that do not have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. unicellular
What is a Eukaryote
an organism whose cells contain a nucleus within a membrane
What is endosymbiosis
it is a theory about how eukaryote cells could have evolved from prokaryotic cells through symbiosis
What is dichotomous
-used by taxonomists to classify unknown organisms
-involve a series of steps that require choices
What is thermoacidophile
-a classification of archaea, “heat and acid loving”
-can withstand temps above 100 degrees,
-found in volcanic crater lakes
What is a methanogen
-a classification of archaea
-methane generators
-anaerobic (survive without o2)
-live in swamps, sewage
-released methane as waste products
What is a halophile
-a classification of archaea
-“salt lovers”
-live in areas with high salt concentrations
-found in great salt lake
What is gram positive
Gram-positive bacteria are a type of bacteria that have a thick cell wall. This cell wall helps protect the bacteria from antibiotics. STAINS PURPLE
what is gram negative
bacteria wall has thin protein layer, more complex, more toxic, STAINS PINK
What is spirilla
spiral-shaped bacteria
What is cocci
spherical shaped bacteria
What is bacilli
rod-shaped bacteria
What is binary fission
asexual reproduction in bacteria, it creates exact genetic copies
What is conjugation
the exchange of genetic material through binary fission in bacteria.
-all or part of the bacterial chromosome transferred through pilus
What is pilus
a tube-like structure that bacterial cells are linked through. all or part of bacterial chromosome is transferred through it.
What is plasmid
small loops of DNA separate from the main chromosome called plasmids.
-can transfer from one bacterium to another during conjugation
-used in genetic engineering to transfer new genes into cells
What is pathogenic
disease-causing microbes
-disease in plant: wilts, fruit rots
-disease in animals: tooth decay, ulcers, lyme, STDS
What is heterotroph
something that cannot produce its own food, and feeds off other things
What is autotroph
something that can produce its own food using light, water, or other chemicals
What is vascular
extensive transport systems in PLANTS, carries water and minerals, structure
What is non-vascular
no extensive transport systems, eg: mosses
What is angiosperm
flower plants, can be classified into two groups
-monocots: thin leafs, single cotyledon
-dicots: broad leafs, two cotyledons
What is gymnosperm
seeds are not enclosed (conifers)
What is hyphae
thread-like components of cytoplasm surrounded by cell membrane and cell wall made of chitin; used to absorb nutrients (Fungi)
What is mycelium
interwoven mat of branching hyphae; feeding structure that ensures maximum contact with food surface
(fungi)
What is mycorrhiza
a symbiotic association between plant roots and fungi. Their major role is to enhance nutrient and water uptake by the host plant by exploiting a larger volume of soil than roots alone can do.
What is ectoderm
the outermost germ layer in animals. It gives rise to the skin, nervous system, and sense organs.
What is mesoderm
the middle layer of the three germ layers that develops during gastrulation in the very early development of the embryo of most animals
What is endoderm
the innermost germ layer that gives rise to the lining of the gut, the gills, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and derivatives of the pharyngeal pouch
What is radial symmetry
clear top/bottom; bodies organized around a central axis
What is bilateral symmetry
clear front/back; top/bottom; can be cut into 2 mirror-image halves through 1 vertical plane; eg. humans
What is dorsal
to the back
What is ventral
to the abdomen
What is anterior
front surface
What is posterior
near the rear
What is cephalization
the process involving the concentration of sensory and feeding organs such as nerve cells, mouth, and jaws at the anterior end and the development of the brain.
who is “the father of taxonomy” and what did he make?
Carolus Linnaeus, he formalized the modern classification system in the 1700s, still used today.
What is the formula for total magnification
Ocular x Objective
What is the calc for finding the diameter of FOV under high power
((Diameter (LP) x Mag of LP objective)) / mag of HP obj
What is the formula for finding object size
Fov diameter/# of cells that fit across diameter
Explain endosymbiotic theory
- mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living cells
- prokaryotes engulfed and incorporated them as organelles
- mitochondria and chloroplasts are believed to be the descendants of once free-living prokaryotes
What are some similarities between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?
-Ribosomes
-DNA
-Cell Membrane
-Cytoplasm
-Essential functions of life
Whats the formula to find drawing mag
Measure size of drawing / actual size of specimen
what Supports Endosymbiotic Theory
- membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar to prokaryotes
- mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduce by binary fission (like prokaryotes)
- mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own DNA and ribosomes
What are some differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?
- Prokaryotes are smaller
- Pro has single chromosome, Euk has multiple
- Pro has no membrane bound organelles
- euk is sexual rep, pro is asexual rep
- pro has no true nucleus
What are the rules for scientific naming (3)
1) Genus name must be capitalized
2) Species name must be lower case
3) Both names are either underlined/italics
List the 6 kingdom model
Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, fungi, plantae, animilia
What are the three domains of life
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota
Classify a human
D: Eukarya
K: Animalia
P: Chordata
C: Mammilia
O: Primates
F: Hominidae
G: Homo
S: sapiens
List the classification system
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (DKPCOFGS)
name 1 outlining difference for each of the three domains of life
bacteria - prokaryotic
archaea - extreme environments
eukaryotes - eukaryotic
What are some characteristics of kingdom archaea?
- Oldest known organisms (3.5 b)
- Unicellular, prokaryotic
- Extremeophiles (habitat)
- ## Some can live without oxygen
What are the 3 classifications of BACTERIA by shape
Spherical? Cocci.
Rod Shaped? Bacilli.
Spiral? Spirilli.
What are the three classifications of Archaea
1) Methanogens: swamps, release methane, no o2
2) Halophiles: “salt lovers” great salt lake
3) Thermoacidophiles: “heat and acid loving”, volcano crater lakes
What are the 3 classifications of BACTERIA by how they grow
Cells arranged in pairs? Diplococci.
Cells arranged in clusters? Staphylococci.
Cells arranged in a chain? Streptococci.
What are the classifications of BACTERIA by cell wall structure
Gram positive and gram negative
what are the benefits of bacteria
- decomposers
- nitrogen fixation
- help in digestion (E. coli)
- produce foods n medicines
Explain reproduction in bacteria
They do not have nuclei, therefore cannot undergo mitosis. Instead they reproduce asexually by binary fission, or exchange genetic material by conjugation. The cells are linked by a tube-like pilus to transfer chromosomes.
Explain the process of H. Pylori
- Barry Marshall and Robin Warren
- many patients with gastric ulcers had a bacterial infection in their stomach lining
- hypothesis: bacteria might play a role in causing ulcers, contrary to the prevailing belief that stress was the cause
- The bacteria were found to colonize the stomach lining and disrupt the protective mucous layer, allowing stomach acid to irritate the sensitive lining beneath, leading to ulcers.
What are some characteristics of kingdom protista, its habitat, and examples
- Mostly unicellular, some multi
- Live in water, many parasites
- Amoeba, Malaria
How are Protista classified
- Animal like protists (heterotrophs)
- Plant like protists (autotrophs)
-Fungus like protists (decomposers)
What are some characteristics of fungi
- heterotrophic
- no roots
Explain the three main fungi structures
1) Hyphae: thread-like components of cytoplasm, surrounded by cell mem and wall made of chitin. ABSORB NUTRIENTS
2) Mycelium: interwoven mat of hyphae, ensures max contact w/ food surface
3) Fruiting Body: reproductive structure; part visible above ground, extension of mycelium
How are animals classified
1) Vertebrates (backbone; mammals), or invertebrates (no backbone, worms)
What are the two symmetry’s animals can have
1) Radial (central axis, top n bottom)
2) Bilateral (clear sides, can be cut into 2 mirror image)
What are the 3 embryonic grown layers
Mesoderm (Middle; muscle, heart)
Ectoderm (Outer, nervous system
Endoderm (Inner, respiratory, urinary)
How do you classify plants? Outline the two branches.
B1) Nonvascular (moss)
B2) Vascular –> Seedless / Seed: –> Gymnosperms (seeds not enclosed) / Angiosperms (flowers): –> Monocots (thin leaf) / Dicots (two cotyledons)
What r the 3 types of plant cells
1) Parenchyma (Food storage, fruit)
2) Collenchyma (uneven walls, celery)
3) Sclerenchyma (supports cells, water conduct, xylem)
What are the 3 types of plant tissue
Dermal (skin)
Vascular (transport)
Ground (Storage, in between)
What are the branches of plant organs
1) Roots (anchor, structural support)
2) Shoots: Stems(transport) / Leaves (photsyn) / flowers (rep)
What are horomones
Chemical signalling molecules that cause a change in the receiving cell
Cuticle function
Prevent evaporation from the leaf surface
Guard cell function
Helps to regulate the rate of transpiration by opening and closing the stomata
Stoma function
Remove body waste
Upper epidermis function
Helps to prevent water loss
Palisade Mesophyll function
Maximize energy prod. during photosyn
Spongy mesophill function
Allow for interchange of gasses for photosyn
Lower epidermis function
Allows gaseous exchange and regulation of the flow of water in tissues of leaf
List and brief explain 5 main plant hormones
Auxin - plant growth n development, respond to light and gravity
Gibberellins - stim growth, early flowering
Cytokinins - cell division, delay aging
Ethylene - gas state, fruit ripening, gas spreads to other fruits allowing them to ripen
ABA - inhibits growth
What are tropisms
plant growth responses to an environmental stimulus
Explain phototropism
Light receptors trigger the redistribution of auxin to the dark side of the plant. Grows towards the light
What are the main plant tropisms
1) Phototropism (light)
2) Gravitropism (gravity)
What are some rules for scientific drawings
- take up 1/3
- sharp pencil
- do not be creative
- clean lines
- label lines must touch
- title
- drawing mag
Explain gravitropism
Auxin will accumulate on the lower side of the plant in response to the force of gravity
How do plants reproduce
The anther produces pollen grains that contain male gametophytes. The pollen grains attach to the stigma on top of a carpel, in which the female gametophytes (inside ovules) are located.
