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biology test 8 Flashcards

1
Q

one’s philosophy

A

worldview

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2
Q

credited for the acceptance of evolution

A

Charles Darwin

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3
Q

formulated the doctrine of uniformitarianism

A

Charles Lyell

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4
Q

the idea that the present is the only key to the past and that all things continue by natural processes at the same rates as they always have

A

uniformitarianism

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5
Q

two books by Charles Darwin

A
  1. On the Origin of Species
  2. Descent of Man
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6
Q

idea that the fittest and strongest members of each species were more likely to survive and reproduce than weaker, poorly adapted members

A

natural selection

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7
Q

“science” seeking to improve the human species by selective breeding humans to produce a “master race”

A

eugenics

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8
Q

changes within a particular kind of organism, referring to variations in the gene pool within a population

A

speciation (microevolution)

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9
Q

hypothetical process by which the new kinds of creatures emerge from existing kinds over time

A

macroevolution

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10
Q

remains or impressions of plants, animals, and humans preserved in sedimentary rock

A

fossils

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11
Q

study of fossils

A

paleontology

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12
Q

hypothetical fossils that connect one kind of organism with another kind by a series of tiny steps

A

transitional forms

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13
Q

idea that there are long periods of no evolution and then quick periods of evolution and this process occurring several times

A

punctuated equilibrium hypothesis

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14
Q

identify the layers of the geologic column by their presence

A

index fossils

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15
Q

the logical fallacy of basing an argument on the very premise it attempts to prove

A

circular reasoning

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16
Q

used to date rocks and fossils in the geologic column

A

radiometric dating

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17
Q

burst of evolution that was huge, helps support creation

A

Cambrian explosion

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18
Q

fish that was originally taught to be a missing link

A

coelacanth

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19
Q

strange fossil bird

A

archaeopteryx

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20
Q

fossils were gathered from around the world and combined to form a “missing link”

A

horse series
flaws were: size was already varied, fossils from all over the world, ancestors and descendants were in the same layer

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21
Q

human-like skull and ape-like jaw were put together and used as proof that man was used as “proof”; was a hoax

A

Piltdown man

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22
Q

used a tooth of a pig to explain evolution; was a mistake

A

Nebraska man

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23
Q

100% ape, specifically an orangutan

A

Ramapithecus

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24
Q

associated with the Taung child

A

Australopithecus africanus

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25
"East Africa man" ape
Australopithecus boisei
26
associated with Lucy
Australopithecus afarensis
27
“handy man”; mix of fossils that is a mixture of human and ape
homo habilis
28
2 examples of homo erectus
1. Java man 2. Peking man
29
upright man
homo erectus
30
found in a German valley
Neanderthal man
31
found in a cave in France, identical to modern humans
Cro-Magnon man
32
three examples against transitional forms
1. bat wings 2. amphibian egg to reptile egg 3. bird respiratory system
33
study of similarities and differences in the body structure of organisms
comparative anatomy
34
refers to similarities among organisms designed for the same environment but different internal structure
analogy
35
refers to similar organisms that are also similar in internal structure
homology
36
science that seeks to discover how the mechanisms of living cells work
molecular biology
37
watchmaker hypothesis
William Paley
38
scientific study of heredity
genetics
39
random errors in an organism's genetic material
mutations
40
breeding within a small, isolated group
inbreeding
41
states that an unborn baby, while developing in its mother’s womb, goes through various stages of development that resemble different animals
embryonic recapitulation
42
a quasi-religious idea that states that the earth and all the living things that inhabit it constitute a single living thing
Gaia hypothesis
43
study of how living things interact with one another and with their physical environment
ecology
44
animal's environment or home
habitat
45
relatively thin layer of earth's surface in which life exists
biosphere
46
large geographic regions of the biosphere
biome
47
smaller areas of biomes; basic unit of ecology
ecosystem
48
all the living things in an ecosystem
community
49
group of organisms of the same species living in the same ecosystem
population
50
individual living things; smallest living unit of the biosphere
organisms
51
ability to withstand and recover from changes
stability
52
maximum population size that the ecosystem can currently support
carrying capacity
53
population is above the carrying capacity
overpopulation
54
number and variety of species living within an ecosystem
biodiversity
55
nonliving factors
abiotic factors
56
six abiotic factors
1. radiation 2. temperature 3. water 4. atmosphere 5. wind 6. soil
57
range of values that is needed for the organism’s survival
tolerance range
58
ideal range in which the creature will not only survive, it will thrive
optimum range
59
factor outside an organism’s tolerance range that may threaten survival
limiting factor
60
living factors
biotic factors
61
combination of abiotic and biotic factors that means that although factors in the ecosystem are changing, the ecosystem as a whole remains the same
dynamic equilibrium
62
1. make their own food 2. can't make their own food
1. autotrophs / producers 2. heterotrophs / consumers
63
1. consumer that feeds on plants 2. consumer that feeds on other animals/meat 3. consumers that feed on both plants and animals 4. chemically break down dead organic matter 5. feed on dead animals but don't break it down into soil components
1. herbivore 2. carnivore 3. omnivore 4. decomposer 5. detritivores
64
classification that describes its feeding relationship to other organisms in its ecosystem
trophic level
65
carnivore in the highest trophic level
top carnivore
66
model used by ecologists to show the nutritional relationships among organisms in an ecosystem
food chain
67
model used by ecologists to show all possible feeding relation­ships at each trophic level
food web
68
function or "occupation" of a living thing
niche
69
shows the energy transferred from one trophic level to the next
energy pyramid
70
represents the total mass of living matter per unit area at each trophic level in an ecosystem
biomass pyramid
71
total mass of living matter per unit area
biomass
72
represents the number of organisms at each trophic level and shows that population size usually decreases at each higher trophic level
number pyramid
73
relationship in which animals living on close association with one another
symbiosis
74
1. both animals benefit 2. one animal benefits, the other suffers 3. one benefits and the other is neutral
1. mutualism 2. parasitism 3. commensalism
75
1. predator-prey relationship 2. two organisms complete for the same limited resources
1. predation 2. competition
76
relationship in which one organism inhibits the other
amensalism
77
organisms share only an indirect relationship
neutralism
78
relationship where animals feed on plants without killing them
herbivory
79
cycles that recycle nutrients and minerals into the environment
biogeochemical cycles
80
water moves from the soil and from the water surfaces of the earth, through the atmosphere, and then back to the earth again
hydrologic cycle
81
refers to the combination of a region’s climax vegetation and its animal populations
climax community
82
1. biome in frigid temps. with high winds and permanently frozen ground (2) 3. biome like the one above except lacks frozen ground
1. Arctic tundra 2. permafrost 3. alpine tundra
83
harsh, long winters and snow, but trees grow and summer is longer
Northern coniferous forest
84
found in areas with well-defined seasons
temperate deciduous forest
85
areas with fertile ground that do not contain many trees
grassland
86
more water lost through evaporation than gained through rainfall
desert
87
abundant rain and year-round growing season
tropical rainforest
88
majority of biomes of the world
aquatic
89
no salt in these water biomes
freshwater ecosystem
90
biome with saltwater
marine ecosystem
91
where freshwater and saltwater meet and life abounds
estuary
92
warm, shallow water formed from the remains of stony corals and coralline algae
coral reefs
93
three zones of water 1. areas between highest and lowest tides along the coast 2. area that is over the continental shelf 3. deep areas of open expanse
1. intertidal zone 2. neritic zone 3. oceanic zone
94
organisms that are first to settle an area after devastation
pioneer species
95
replacement of early pioneer species by later species in an orderly progression until the climax community is established
ecological succession
96
succession that starts with barren ground, similar to what you observe after a volcanic eruption or in sand dunes
primary succession
97
succession that starts with ready soil and pioneer species
secondary succession
98
man's role in nature
dominion
99
call to take care of the land given to man
stewardship
100
wise use of natural resources
conservation
101
responsible for comparative anatomy
Georges Cuvier
102
fossil lost during WW2
Peking man
103
grassland in Africa
savanna
104
responsible for the idea of embryonic recapitulation
Ernst Haeckel
105
Charles Lyell's book
Principles of Geology

10th (7 decks)

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