biology test Flashcards
1
Q
any condition that interferes with the normal functioning of the body
A
disease
2
Q
microscopic living creatures
A
microbes
3
Q
microbes and pathogens that cause disease
A
germs
4
Q
any organism that causes disease
A
pathogen
5
Q
disease caused by invading pathogens
A
infectious
6
Q
disease that is not caused by pathogens
A
noninfectious
7
Q
- disease that is severe but lasts only a short time
- disease that is long-lasting or recurring but not as severe
A
- acute
- chronic
8
Q
diseases in which tissues and organs gradually lose their ability to function properly
A
degenerative diseases
9
Q
diseases caused by malfunctions of the immune system
A
immunological diseases
10
Q
most common immunological diseases
A
allergies
11
Q
disease where the immune system attacks the body it is supposed to protect
A
autoimmune diseases
12
Q
diseases present at birth that occur during development
A
congenital diseases
13
Q
inherited diseases
A
genetic diseases
14
Q
diseases that occur because of malfunctions of the endocrine system
A
hormonal diseases
15
Q
bad nutrition
A
malnutrition
16
Q
diseases caused by an improper diet (malnutrition)
A
nutritional diseases
17
Q
disease caused by lack of nutrients
A
deficiency disease
18
Q
disease in developed nations caused by an excess in nutrients
A
obesity
19
Q
condition that results from the run-away growth of the body’s own cells
A
cancer
20
Q
mass of rapidly producing cells
A
tumor
21
Q
types of tumors:
1. not cancerous tumor that doesn’t spread
2. cancerous tumor that spreads
A
- benign
- malignant
22
Q
substance that is thought to be capable of causing cancer
A
carcinogen
23
Q
causing mutations
A
mutagenic
24
Q
diseases in which the invading microbe can be transferred from person to person
A
communicable diseases
25
diseases caused by microorganisms that are not transferred from one person to another
noncommunicable diseases
26
microscopic, single-celled prokaryote
bacteria
27
small DNA circles that are part of the singular chromosome of bacteria
plasmids
28
spherical bacteria that usually grow in clusters or chains
cocci
29
rod-shaped bacteria
bacilli
30
spiral-shaped bacteria
spirilla
31
asexual process where bacteria rapidly reproduce
binary fission
32
identical to other bacteria in structure that only reproduce inside other living cells
rickettsiae
33
internal "life-support" capsule that protects bacteria until favorable conditions occur
endospore
34
bacteria that lives
1. in the presence of oxygen
2. in the absence of oxygen
1. aerobic
2. anaerobic
35
created the germ concept of disease
Louis Pasteur
36
states that every infectious disease is caused by a specific germ
germ concept of disease
37
kills bad bacteria in milk to help increase the shelf life
Pasteurization
38
molecule of genetic material enclosed in a geometric protein structure
virus
39
geometric protein structure that contains a virus
capsid
40
scientists who study viruses
virologists
41
single-celled animals
protozoa
42
infection that is carried by water droplets
droplet infection
43
person who displays no symptoms of a disease but harbor the pathogens in his body and can pass them on to infect others
carrier
44
animal that transmits infection
vector
45
when pathogens enter the body and grow there
infection
46
time of development of infection before symptoms are visible
incubation period
47
disease that spreads rapidly and extensively among a population
epidemic
48
epidemic that affects a large portion of the earth
pandemic
49
ever present disease
endemic
50
three ways to prevent spreading disease
1. wash hands
2. avoid/eliminate vectors
3. vaccination
51
substance that stimulates your body to develop an acquired immunity to a disease
vaccine
52
phenomenon where outbreaks of disease will quickly subside because the disease will not infect enough new victims to sustain itself
herd immunity
53
doctor who established the use of antiseptics
Joseph Lister
54
drainage and sanitation system for tissue fluid
lymphatic system
55
temperature of the body is raised to help fight pathogens
fever
56
cells that protect your body against invaders
white blood cells (leukocytes)
57
white blood cells that target, engulf, and destroy pathogens
phagocytes
58
chemical messenger that causes inflammation as it responds to invading pathogens
histamine
59
chemical messenger that infected cells produce that limits the spread of disease by warning nearby cells
interferon
60
white blood cells that produce antibodies
lymphocytes
61
Y-shaped protein molecules that act like molecular homing missiles
antibodies (they inactivate pathogens and mark them for destruction)
62
provides the cells with an environment that helps maintain a proper balance of water and electrolyte concentration and acts as a battlefield in the fight against invading microorganisms
tissue fluid
63
drainage and sanitation system for tissue fluid
lymphatic system
64
tissue fluid that has entered the lymph vessels
lymph
65
enlargements of lymphatic tissue that provide a place for white blood vessels to prepare for infection
lymph nodes
66
lymph nodes at the back of the throat are ____ and ______
tonsils and adenoids
67
lymph node group in the ileum of the small intestine
Peyer's patches
68
largest lymphatic organ
spleen
69
one of the most inconspicuous lymphatic organs; helps the T cells to mature
thymus
70
oil that helps prevent pathogenic bacteria from growing
sebum
71
enzymes that kill bacteria by destroying their cell walls
lysozymes
72
remember old diseases and guard against that pathogen for the rest of your life
memory cells
73
condition of resistance to a pathogen
immunity
74
immunities that deal with antibodies that have been made or given
acquired immunity
75
immunity where:
1. the body actively makes antibodies to fight disease
2. antibodies are given to help fight disease
1. active acquired immunity
2. passive acquired immunity
76
born with the ability to fight a disease
innate immunity
77
immunity that occurs because pathogens only infect certain species that you can’t get because it doesn’t affect your species
species immunity
78
very serious disease that affects the immune system, destroying the body’s ability to fight diseases
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
79
causes AIDS
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
80
can slow the development of AIDS and reduce the transmission of HIV but can’t cure the disease completely
antiretroviral drugs
81
process of exposing the body’s immune system to a weakened form of a pathogen in order to produce memory cells and antibodies against it
immune therapy
82
any procedure in which chemical compounds are used to treat a disease
chemotherapy
83
most familiar chemicals used in chemotherapy that are effective in stopping the growth of microorganisms
antibiotics
84
first antibiotic
penicillin
85
slow or stops the reproduction of a virus
antiviral drugs
86
which ancient people group had a distinct advantage in studying the natural world because they possessed God's truth as preserved in Scriptures
Hebrews (Jews)
87
most famous early Hebrew naturalist
Solomon
88
borrowed the wisdom of the ancients and built upon it
Greeks
89
Greek naturalist responsible for spontaneous generation
Anaximander
90
idea that living things can arise from nonliving things
spontaneous generation
91
modern idea all living things developed from a common ancestor
evolution
92
developed the doctrine of ideas
Plato
93
developed the doctrine of intellect
Aristotle
94
system saying that the physical world isn't genuinely real and therefore changeable and relative
doctrine of ideas
95
system saying that intellectual speculation is the highest form of reality
doctrine of intellect
96
One important benefit of Roman civilization was the _______
spread of knowledge
97
wrote Natural History
Pliny the Elder (Roman)
98
Greek physician in Rome who dissected animals to help understand the human body's functions
Galen (his work became the absolute authority in human anatomy for over a thousand years)
99
preserved knowledge and communicated the knowledge to others during the Middle Ages
Nestorians
100
1. Father of Anatomy
2. what he wrote
1. Andreas Vesalius
2. Fabrica
101
known for classic work on circulation of blood through the body
William Harvey
102
idea that the universe consists of nothing but matter and energy and has no spiritual or supernatural aspects
materialism
103
instrument used to look much closer at things
microscope
104
realized that living things have cells based on seeing cork cells
Robert Hooke
105
first person to devote his whole life to studies with the microscope
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
106
idea all living things are composed of cells and cell products; cells that exist now come from preexisting cells
cell theory
107
process used to solve scientific problems
scientific method
108
reasoning from the specific events in nature to their general causes
inductive reasoning
109
rules of conduct that apply to a member of society or to someone in a particular vocation
ethics
110
test subjects must agree to participate and must have all information needed to give consent
informed consent
111
steps of the scientific method
1. observe
2. hypothesize
3. experiment
112
tentative solution to a scientific problem
hypothesis
113
experiments in which all factors are identical except the one being tested
controlled experiment
114
explains why something happens
theory
115
explains what will happen
scientific law
116
experimented with meat and maggots
Francesco Redi
117
experimented with bacteria and broth
Louis Pasteur
118
says living things can come only from other living things
law of biogenesis
119
idea that science can find answers for all the problems in life
scientism
120
I hope I don't fail!
