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AP Science > Biology Test > Flashcards

Biology Test Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Mostly water

Holds organelles in place. Stores substances

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2
Q

Cell membrane

A

Flexible double layer

Support to cell , semi-permeable

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

Spherical dense structure in cell

Contains genetic(DNA) info that controls cells activity

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4
Q

Mitochondria

A

Inner and outer membrane folded

Converts glucose to energy that the cell can use
The more active the sell the more mitochondria

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5
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Branching tubes through Cytoplasm

To transport materials through a cell

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6
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Studded with ribosomes

Protein synthesis

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7
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Lacks ribosomes

Phospholipid synthesis packaging of proteins in vesicle

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8
Q

Golgi body

A

Tube like structure

Collect and process material to be removed from cell
Make and secrete mucus

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9
Q

Vacuoles

A

Outside cell

Provides support and protection

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10
Q

Vacuole (plant)

A

One large which takes up most of it space

Full of water turgor pressure keeps sell plump keeping plant firm

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11
Q

Chloroplast

A

Green

Absorbs light energy
Gays green color
Creates photosynthesis

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12
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide plus water plus energy yield glucose plus oxygen

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13
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Glucose plus oxygen yield carbon dioxide plus water plus energy

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14
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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15
Q

Factors that affect the rate of diffusion

A

Surface area of cell membrane

Concentration difference

Diffusion distance

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16
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Note water moves until its concentration is the same on both sides of the membrane

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17
Q

Hypotonic

A

Having a lesser solute concentration in a fluid compared to another fluid

Cell bursts

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18
Q

Isotonic

A

Having the same osmotic pressure and same water potential since the two solutions have an equal concentration of water molecules

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19
Q

Hypertonic

A

Having a higher solute concentration in a fluid relative to another fluid

Cell shrivels

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20
Q

Solute

A

Particle in water

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21
Q

Cell theory

A
  1. All living things are made up of one or more cells and their product
  2. Cell is simplest unit that can carry out all life process
  3. All cells come from other cells; they do not come from non-living matter
22
Q

Biological Drawing techniques

A

-large drawing on left side of paper
-labels in lower case line up first letters equally spaced out on right side
-name and date on top right corner
-title centred at top
-magnification bottom right with x
-description on bottom
-straight lines use ruler
Stippling to show dark areas

23
Q

Genes

A

Traits of an organism and information for the body to function and grow properly. Parts of chromosomes in the nucleus.

24
Q

Chromosome

A

Long piece of coiled DNA and protein

Human cell has 46 chromosomes
2 pairs of 23 chromosomes

Visible in cell division

25
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

26
Q

Chromatin

A

When cell is not dividing the DNA and protein that make up chromosomes are spread throughout like long thin threads when it’s ready to divid it could up into chromosomes

27
Q

Sister chromatids

A

Each chromosome consists of 2 identical chromatids

28
Q

Sex Cells

A

Gametes: Egg and sperm cells
Specialized reproductive cell that unites to produce a zygote
Have a haploid number of chromosomes (n)
23 chromosomes

29
Q

Somatic cells

A

All body cells except reproductive cells

Have a diploid number of chromosomes (2n) 46 chromosomes

30
Q

Cell cycle

A 
Interphase (growth stage)
Cell division (division stage)
31
Q

Interphase “resting phase”

A

G1 phase- cell growth

S phase- Synthesis of DNA( DNA replication)

G2 phase- cell growth and preparation for mitosis

32
Q

Purpose of cell division

A

To replace dead and damaged cells

33
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of nucleus into 2 genetically identical nuclei

Results into 2 daughter cells contain a diploid # of chromosomes = to parent cell

34
Q

Mitosis phases

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

35
Q

Prophase

A
  • Chromatin could up and forms chromosomes
  • nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear
  • centrioles separate and move to opposite ends
  • spindle fibres begin to form at the centrioles and stretch across the cell
36
Q

Metaphase

A

Double stranded chromosomes line up along the middle of the cells

37
Q

Anaphase

A
  • Spindle fibres shorten and contract
  • centromeres are separated
  • each chromosomes splits into 2 sister chromatids and move to opposite ends
38
Q

Telophase

A
  • Spindle fibres disappear
  • nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes
  • nucleolus appears within each nucleus
  • single stranded chromosomes start to uncoil into thin strands of chromatin
39
Q

Cytokinesis

A
  • division of the cytoplasm and split into 2 new cells forming 2 daughter cells
  • animal cells pinch in the middle and cleavage furrow forms and splits them
  • plant cells form a cell plate like a cell wall in the middle
40
Q

Cell cycle check points

A

G1
G2
And M phase

They regulate the cell cycle

41
Q

Cancer cells

A

-abnormal cell division
-do not meet with checkpoints and stop dividing at random points
-divide out of control cancer cells pile up on top of each other
-

42
Q

Tumor

A

Abnormal lump of cells

43
Q

Benign tumour

A

Tumor that remains in one place in the body

44
Q

Malignant tumor

A

Tumor that is capable of spreading

45
Q

Metastasis

A

Spread of cancer cells from initial site to other points in body

46
Q

Rate of cell division

A

Red blood cells, muscle cells and nerve cells lose capacity to divide as they mature. Ex mammalian red blood cells extrude their nuclei when they have matured so they have no instructions for cell division and fiction as oxygen. Most cells undergo 20-30 rounds of cell division before carrying out programmed suicide. More division may result in mutated cells that may harm organisms.

47
Q

Cell division in cancerous cells

A

Cells that accumulate enough mutations may loose control of cell division leading to the development of cancer cancer cells make an enzyme that signals to continue cell division. Mutations in other cancer cells do not allow the cells to produce proteins which signal cell suicide.

48
Q

Cell specialization

A

Single called organisms rely on organelles to carry out life functions. Multi-called organisms have specialized cells that work together in systems to carry out life functions like digestion, breathing and circulation

49
Q

Muscle cells

A

Long thin structures allows cell to change size when they contract

Branching pattern that increases muscle strength

High concentration of mitochondria, supplies energy for shape

50
Q

Nerve cells

A

-Long threadlike branches enables the cells to receive and transmit signals from other cells throughout the body

51
Q

Red blood cells

A

Doughnut like shaped with a depression in the centre provides a large surface area to Carry oxygen

AP Science (3 decks)

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