Biology Test Flashcards
What structure would most likely be in a bacteria?
Cell Membrane
Which of the following is not a way of movement?
Flacula jacula
Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics?
Acquiring an R-plasmid
Archeae and bacteria are placed in different domains, why?
rRNA sequences are different
Which bacteria would most likely appear in the human intestine?
Interic
What is the bacteria that abtains energy from the sun?
Photoautotrophs
What are pili used for?
Connect to services or each other or pass information.
Give me some facts about chlamydia
Only lives in animal cells, depends on the host for protection, no peptidoglycan present, most common STI in the U.S.
Bacillus
Domain bacteria
Rod shaped
Coccus
Domain bacteria
Round shaped
StraPtococcus
Domain bacteria
Chains
Staphylococcus
Domain bacteria
Clusters
Spirillum
Domain bacteria
Spiral
How to gram stain to differentiate between gram positive and negative
- Crystal violet
- Iodine
- Decolorizer
- Safranin
What primary feature distinguishes prokaryotes from eukaryotes?
Prokaryotic cells have genetic material that is not contained in a nucleus
What is the most common body morphology of prokaryotes?
Most common are coccus and rod
Where are prokaryotes found?
Almost everywhere, some live in environments to extreme for most other organisms
Which prokaryote would appear in hot acidic water
Thermoacidophile
What are the two domains of prokaryotes?
Bacteria and archaea
What are some facts about bacteria
Cell walls have Pepto, no introns, loves in a wide variety of environments, lipids in the cell membrane, rRNA is unlike RNA of eukaryotes.
What are some facts about archaea
Do not have pepto, does have introns, lives in extreme environments, unusual lipids in cell membrane, rRNA resembles that of eukaryotes.
What are three primary groups of archaea?
Methanogens, Halophiles, Thermoacidophiles
In what unique way do methanogens acquire energy?
They convert hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide into methand
Where would you most likely find methanogen?
Lives in swamps, deep lakes, and intestines
Halophiles have an affinity for what compound?
Salt
Where would you most likely find a halophile?
Lives in places most bacteria cannot (I.e. great salt lake, Dead Sea)
Where would you most likely find a thermoacidophile?
Lives in hot acidic environments, as low as 2 ph
Why do some bacteria stain different colors?
It’s dependent on the amount of pepto present in the cell wall
What are four features that distinguish archaea from bacteria.
- Cell wall of Archaea has no peptoglycan
- Cell membrane lipids of Archaea are different
- Bacteria does not have introns
- rRNA in Archaea resembles eukaryotes but different bacteria
What are three primary groups of archaea?
Methanogens- methane gas
Halophiles- salt loving
Thermoacidophiles- hot acidic environments
Where would you most likely find Thermoacidophiles?
Volcanoes, thermal vents
What are three primary shapes of bacteria and their proper names?
Bacillus- rod shaped
Coccus- round shaped
Spirochete- spiral shaped
What are three gram stain classifications?
- Gram positive- purple
- Gram negative- pink
- Gram variable- purple and pink because it’s a mixed nature
What are four primary steps for Gram staining bacteria?
- Crystal violet- stains bacteria
- Iodine- sets
- Acetonel alcohol- washes it away
- Safranin- counter stain
Why are nitrogen fixing bacteria important?
Plants can’t get it directly so they convert it into a usable nitrate.
Why are Cyanobacteria important?
They are photosynthetic bacteria, produce oxygen for other materials. Also thought to be Earth’s first oxygen producers
Where does photosynthesis take place in Cyanobacteria?
Takes place in thylakoids
List the structures you would most likely find in/on a bacteria cell, and briefly explain the function of each structure.
1) cell wall- protection and support
2) Plasma membrane- controls what goes in and out of cell
3) DNA or nucleoid- controls cells activity
4) plasmid- extra material DNA stores
5) Ribosome- the site of protein synthesis
6) flagella- used for locomotion
7) Endospore- protective spore inside a bacterial cell
8) Capsule- protective layer of polysaccharide around cell wall
9) Pilus(pili)- protein structure that allows bacterium to attach to other bacteria
10) Glycoxalyx- sticky sugar coated on capsule
Where does cell respiration occur in prokaryotes
In the plasma membrane
What are the primary means of locomotion by bacteria?
Flagella, slime movement, corkscrew rotation
What three factors determine the habitat of bacteria?
1) oxygen needs 2) temp. 3) ph
What are the four nutritional groups of bacteria, and how does each obtain carbon and energy?
Photoheterotroph- uses light for energy gets carbon from other organisms
Chemoheterotrophs- obtains both energy and carbon from other organisms
Photoautotroph- uses light energy gets carbon from CO2 as a carbon source
Chemoautotroph- extracts energy from inorganic compounds and uses CO2 as a carbon source.
What are three different oxygen classifications of bacteria?
Obligate anaerobes, obligate aerobes, facultative anaerobes
What pH is preferred by most bacteria?
6.5 to 7.5
Why are antibiotics increasing?
They are overprescribed, prescribed inappropriately
Briefly explain the three processes bacteria utilize to mutate and RECOMBINE DNA?
Conjugation, transfiguration- DNA is taken, Transduction- involves virus
How do antibiotics destroy bacteria?
Destroys cell wall, block protein synthesis, tetracycline attacks bacteria by blocking protein synthesis
How do pathogenic bacteria become antibiotic resistant?
Acquire plasmid through conjugation another bacteria that carries resistant DNA
What type of bacteria would you most likely find in the human intestine?
Enteric coli.
Which bacteria causes stomach ulcers?
Helicoloacter pylori
What is the habitat of actinomycetes and how are they used pharmaceutically
Live in soil and used to make antibiotics
Who was the first scientist to discover that heat kills most bacteria and institute sterilization technique?
Louis Pastur
Who was the scientist to discover the antibiotic properties of penicillin?
Alexander Fleming
The process of using bacterial growth to break down pollutants is called?
Bioremediation
Haw are bacteria used to genetically modify food?
Insert specific bacterial genes into geno of plants to make them pest resistant
List several common foods that are produced by the action of bacteria
Yogurt, cheese, butter
Most food borne I’ll was occur because of what?
Uncooked meat
