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Terms memorisation > Biology terms for memorising level 1 > Flashcards

Biology terms for memorising level 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Adaptions

A

Traits/phenotypes which allow an organism to better survive in its environment

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2
Q

Allele

A

An alternative version of a gene

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3
Q

Ancestor

A

An organism (or species) from which other organisms (or species) have evolved

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4
Q

Amino acids

A

The building blocks of proteins

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5
Q

Antiparallel

A

The two strands of a DNA molecule run in opposite directions

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6
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Requires only one parent. All offspring are genetically identical to the parent

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7
Q

Bases

A

A, T, G, C

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8
Q

Chromosome

A

A long strand of DNA containing a specific set of genetic information

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9
Q

Complementary base pairs

A

A:T and G:C. Ensures the genetic code is replicated correctly during DNA replication

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10
Q

Crossing-over

A

Swapping of DNA between homologous chromosomes during the meiosis process. Increases genetic variation

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11
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

A molecule that carries the genetic code

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12
Q

DNA sequencing

A

The process of finding out the exact order of bases on a length of DNA

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13
Q

Dominant

A

An allele that is always expressed when it is present. Represented using capital letters. E.g. BB, Bb

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14
Q

Evolution

A

Gradual change in the genetic code of organisms over a long period of time. May result in formation of new species

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15
Q

Fertilisation

A

The process where the DNA from an egg and sperm fuse together

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16
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells containing half the chromosomes of the parent (haploid cells)

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17
Q

Genome

A

All the DNA in a single cell of an organism

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18
Q

Gene

A

A short segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein/phenotype

19
Q

Genetic code

A

The bases of a gene are read in sets of three and each triplet codes for an amino acid, which in turn, are joined to make a protein.

20
Q

Gene marker

A

A short segment of DNA that can be used to follow inheritance of a trait (especially if it is not visible) or determine relatedness of different organisms

21
Q

Genetic variation

A

The total number of different alleles in a population of organisms

22
Q

Genotype

A

The combination of alleles for a gene: BB, Bb, bb

23
Q

Genotype ratio

A

The predicted ratio of inheritance of alleles from mating of two individuals

24
Q

Heterozygous

A

Two different alleles in a genotype: e.g. Bb

25
Q

Homologous pairs of chromosomes

A

Two chromosomes in a cell with the same genes on them. One chromosome is inherited from each parent

26
Q

Homozygous

A

Two alleles in a genotype are the same: e.g. BB or bb

27
Q

Independent segregation

A

Homologous chromosomes line up at random and independently or other homologous chromosomes during the process of meiosis

28
Q

Karyotype

A

A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell, ordered from largest to smallest in homologous pairs

29
Q

Meiosis

A

A type of cell division which produces egg and sperm cells (gametes) with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell

30
Q

Mutation

A

A permanent change in the DNA

31
Q

Offspring

A

The resulting individuals of reproduction

32
Q

Pedigree chart

A

A branching tree diagram that tracks alleles/traits being passed through a family

33
Q

Phenotype

A

How a gene is expressed as a protein/phenotype/trait

34
Q

Phenotype ratio

A

The predicted ratio of phenotypes of offspring of a genetic cross

35
Q

Phylogenetic tree

A

A diagram that orders organism in relationship to how closely related they are. Usually starts with a common ancestor on the far left

36
Q

Proteins

A

Polymers of amino acids that make up our traits

37
Q

Punnett square

A

A method of showing the probability of all the potential offspring genotypes and phenotypes that can occur from mating two individuals

38
Q

Population

A

Number of organisms of the same species living in a defined area

39
Q

Recessive

A

An allele that is only expressed in the phenotype when the genotype is homozygous (bb)

40
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Reproduction involving two parents. Offspring inherit half their DNA from each parent

41
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms that can breed with each other and produce fertile offspring

42
Q

Trait

A

A feature of an organism (phenotype)

43
Q

Triplet code

A

Bases of genes are read in threes (triplets), each triplet codes for an amino acid to build a protein

Terms memorisation (4 decks)

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