biology term 4 Flashcards
function of carbohydrates
used by organism for energy source
structural component
what atoms do carbohydrate molecules consist of
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
3 types of carbohydrates
monosaccharide- 1 unit
disaccharide- 2 unit
polysaccharide- many units
monosaccharide + examples?
single unit (type of monomer)
e.g glucose, galactose, fructose
monomer: small molecule that can chemically bond to other similar molecules to form larger structure.
what is a disaccharide + examples?
2 monosaccharides joined together chemically (glycosidic bond)
e.g lactose, sucrose, maltose
polysaccharide + examples
made up of many single units chemically joined
e.g cellulose, glycogen, starch
what atoms do protein molecules consist of
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
2 types of proteins
amino acid- basic building block of protein
polypeptide
what is polypeptide/protein
polypeptide- linear chain of amino acids
protein: polypeptide that is folded (held in place by hydrogen bonds)
function of protein
growth & repair of tissues
regulation of metabolic processes
transport in cell membrane
what atoms do lipid molecules contain
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
what are the two groups of lipids?
- triglycerides
-form fats in animals/oils in plants - phospholipids
function of lipids
energy
cell membrane structure
enzyme definition
a protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in the body
(Amylase, protease, lipase)
chemical digestion definition
breaking down large molecules into smaller molecules through breakdown of bonds in molecules, done by enzymes
what does amylase do in chemical digestion
catalyses the hydrolysis of starch (polysaccharide) into maltose (disaccharide)
hydrolysis- splitting of a compound by adding water
what does protease do in chemical digestion
catalyses proteolysis, breaking down of proteins into polypeptides or amino acids.
what does lipase do in chemical digestion
catalyses the hydrolysis of fat molecules into fatty acids & glycerol.
how does temp affect enzymes
high temp can denature enzyme
denature: weak bonds in enzyme broken due to heat, distorting binding site of substrate, preventing binding.
low temp increases amount of activation energy thus slower reaction (doesn’t denature)
how does ph affect enzymes
-most enzymes operate at optimal 6-8ph range, pepsin operates 3-4 range
-if enzyme not in optimal ph range, weak bonds break, enzyme denatures
competitive inhibitors affecting enzymes
some molecules with similar structure to substrate can compete for enzymes active site but no reaction occurs. molecules can block active site
noncompetitive inhibitition affecting enzymes
molecule attaches to another site on enzyme causing binding site to change, which blocks substrate from binding site
what is globular protein
enzymes with 1 or more grooves on surface called active site (unique in shape and size)
only particular molecules fit (substrate)
how does ATP allow energy from catabolic reactions to be used in anabolic reactions?
during catabolic reactions (like cellular respiration), energy is released used to convert ADP+P into ATP. When anabolic reaction needs energy, ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP+P, releasing energy. cycle continues
