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Biology > biology semester one exam > Flashcards

biology semester one exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

xylem

A

cells in a plant that transport water and minerals, and also provides support

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2
Q

springwood

A

xylem cells that are large and are a little bit better at transporting water and minerals

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3
Q

summerwood

A

xylem cells that are smaller and are a little bit better at providing support

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4
Q

heartwood

A

xylem cells that are clogged and are no longer able to carry water and minerals

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5
Q

sapwood

A

xylem cells that are open and are still able to carry water and minerals

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6
Q

ecology

A

the study of interactions that living organisms have with other living organisms and with the non-living parts of the environment

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7
Q

organism

A

a living individual

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8
Q

species

A

all members of one specific organism

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9
Q

population

A

all members of a single species that are living together in a specific area

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10
Q

community

A

all the populations of an area interacting with each other

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11
Q

ecosystem

A

total community plus the nonliving parts of the environment that are interacting with each other

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12
Q

photosynthesis equation

A

sunlight + 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

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13
Q

stoma

A

a hole in a leaf that allows for gas exchange and transpiration

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14
Q

transpiration

A

a process in which plants lose water through the stoma

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15
Q

succession

A

the sequential changes that occur in a community in an area over relatively long periods of time

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16
Q

primary succession

A

no soil was present at the start of the process

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17
Q

secondary succession

A

there was soil present at the start of the process but there was a type of disturbance that removed the vegetation

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18
Q

pioneer species

A

a specific type of organism that is the first to colonize in an area during the process of succession

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19
Q

organic compounds

A

molecules that have carbon atoms and are derived from living things

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20
Q

producer

A

an organism that uses solar or chemical energy to make organic compounds from inorganic parts of the environment

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21
Q

consumer

A

a living organism that gets its organic compounds by eating the tissue of other organisms

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22
Q

decomposer

A

an organism that feeds on detritus

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23
Q

detritus

A

dead organisms shed parts of living organisms, waste of living organisms

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24
Q

energy

A

energy can never be created or destroyed. however, it can be transferred. types include kinetic or potential

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25
Q

photosynthesis

A

in living systems, a lot of energy is stored during photosynthesis

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26
Q

cellular respiration

A

in living systems, a lot of energy is released during cellular respiration. cellular respiration is a chemical process that releases energy in living things

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27
Q

cellular respiration equation

A

C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 –> 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + sunlight

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28
Q

matter

A

can never be created or destroyed. however, it can change from one form to another

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29
Q

biogeochemical cycle

A

the movement of atoms into living organisms and then released into the environment

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30
Q

in the food chain, arrows represent…

A

the transfer of energy

31
Q

fungi

A

feed on living or dead, consist of mold, mildews, and yeast, cannot do photosynthesis

32
Q

Animalia

A

wall-less cells, consisting of sponges, earthworms, mollusks, insects, fish, reptiles, and mammals, some are decomposers and are consumers

33
Q

monera

A

bacteria, prokaryotic cells, have cell walls, some can do photosynthesis and single-celled organisms

34
Q

Protista

A

the “left-overs”, consist of water molds, slime molds, diatoms, algae, heterotrophic

35
Q

plante

A

all can do photosynthesis, aquatic green algae, and moss, and are multicellular

36
Q

biodiversity

A

all of the variations found among different species, and among individuals/members of the same species

37
Q

adaptation

A

genetic trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce

38
Q

mutations

A

errors or mistakes that occur while the DNA is replicated

39
Q

habitat

A

the place in an ecosystem, in which an organism lives

40
Q

niche

A

the functional role that an organism plays in its ecosystem

41
Q

resources

A

all the items gathered from living organisms and from nonliving parts of the environment to fulfill an organism’s wants or needs

42
Q

competition

A

the struggle between organisms for a resource in limited supply

43
Q

tolerance

A

an organism’s ability to withstand a range of values for a chemical or physical factor in the environment

44
Q

DNA

A

an organic compound made of subunits called nucleotides that store the genetic information needed to make proteins

45
Q

RNA

A

an organic compound made of subunits called nucleotides that stores and transfers the genetic information needed to make proteins

46
Q

protein

A

an organic compound made of subunits called amino acids that…

47
Q

enzyme

A

a protein that speeds up a chemical reaction

48
Q

hormone

A

an organic compound made by one part of the body that sends a chemical signal to another part of the same body

49
Q

pheromone

A

an organic compound made by an organism to send a chemical signal to another organism of the same species

50
Q

allelochemical

A

an organic compound made by one organism to send a chemical signal to another organism of a different species

51
Q

receptors

A

proteins in the cell membrane that accept a hormone/pheromone/allelochemical

52
Q

ribosomes

A

small bodies in the cell that read the RNA and links the amino acids

53
Q

gene

A

a segment of DNA that provides the genetic information for a single protein or occasionally a specific trait

54
Q

allele

A

one of the varying forms of a gene

55
Q

chromosome

A

a complex of proteins and DNA - coiled and rod-shaped - found in dividing cells - defined by a centromere

56
Q

centromere

A

the constricted portion of a chromosome

57
Q

chromatid

A

one of the two identical halves of a chromosome

58
Q

chromatin

A

a complex of proteins and DNA - not coiled - found in non-dividing cells

59
Q

carrying capacity

A

the maximum number of organisms an ecosystem can withstand for an extended period of time

60
Q

upper limit

A

birth rates drop and death rates increase

61
Q

lower limit

A

birth rates increase and death rates decrease

62
Q

stability

A

the ability of a living system to withstand or recover from externally imposed changes or stresses provided that the stresses aren’t too severe

63
Q

inertia

A

the ability of a living system to resist being disturbed or altered

64
Q

constancy

A

the ability of a living system to maintain a certain size or keep its numbers within a certain limit

65
Q

resilience

A

the ability of a living system to restore itself close to its original condition after being exposed to an outside disturbance that is not too drastic

66
Q

symbiosis

A

a biological relationship in which two dissimilar organisms live together in close association

67
Q

parasitism

A

a type of symbiosis relationship in which one organism gets its nutrients by feeding on another organism over long periods of time

68
Q

commensalism

A

type of symbiosis relationship in which one organism benefits from the relationship and the other organism neither benefits nor is harmed

69
Q

mutualism

A

type of symbiosis relationship in which both organisms benefit from the association

70
Q

predation

A

a biological relationship in which one organism called a predator kills and eats another organism called prey

71
Q

parasitoid

A

an insect that feeds on a host during its larval stages and is free living as an adult

72
Q

scavenger

A

an organism that feeds on a dead organism that was either killed by another organism or died from a natural cause

73
Q

economic injury level

A

the number of organisms that would cause so much damage that the farmer would not make a profit

74
Q

economic threshold

A

the insect’s population level or extent of crop damage at which the value of the crop destroyed exceeds the cost of controlling the pest.

Biology (6 decks)

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