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Biology Semester 2 > Biology Sem 2 unit 5 > Flashcards

Biology Sem 2 unit 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Dorsal side

A

the top side

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2
Q

ventral side

A

the lower side

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3
Q

anterior

A

toward the head or front

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4
Q

lateral

A

toward the side

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5
Q

posterior

A

toward the tail

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6
Q

medial

A

toward the midline

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7
Q

proximal

A

near a point of reference

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8
Q

distal

A

away from a point of reference

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9
Q

right

A

the pigs right (your left)

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10
Q

left

A

the pigs left (your right)

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11
Q

pinna

A

ears

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12
Q

nares

A

nostrils

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13
Q

mammary papillae

A

teats

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14
Q

umbilical cord

A

cord that connects fetal pig with the placenta

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15
Q

genital papilla

A

aka urogenital opening, and the scrotum are in males

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16
Q

hormone

A

chemical messenger that is produced and transported into tissue fluids to stimulate certain cells into action

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17
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

To deliver “messages” throughout the body

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18
Q

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

A

Exocrine: releases secretions through ducts. Endocrine: releases secretions through the bloodstream

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19
Q

Give 1 example of an exocrine gland.

A

Sweat glands, tear glands, digestives juices being released from various glands

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20
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls the secretions of the pituitary gland in brain

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21
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Makes hormones that controls the function of other endocrine glands; called “the master gland; releases 9 hormones; smaller than the tip of little finger in brain

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22
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Releases parathyroid hormone, which regulates calcium levels in the body in throat

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23
Q

Thymus

A

Releases thymosin (stimulates T cell production for immune system)

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24
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to stress (“fight or flight”). in abdomen area

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25
Q

Pineal gland

A

Releases melatonin, which regulates our daily sleep/wake cycle. Melatonin makes us sleepy! in brain

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26
Q

Thyroid

A

Produces thyroxine which regulates metabolism, in throat

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27
Q

Pancreas

A

Releases insulin and glucagon, which both regulate blood sugar levels. in abdomen

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28
Q

Ovaries

A

Produces estrogen (responsible for egg development and the formation of the physical characteristics associated with puberty) and progesterone (prepares uterus for pregnancy) in hip area

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29
Q

Testes

A

Produces testosterone (sperm production and the formation of the physical characteristics associated with puberty) in hip area

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30
Q

Which gland is considered part of both the endocrine and digestive systems

A

pancreas

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31
Q

Explain how the pancreas maintains homeostasis.

A

When blood sugar levels are too high, the pancreas secretes insulin. Insulin stimulates liver and muscles to store excess glucose as glycogen. When blood sugar levels are too low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. Glucagon stimulates liver and muscles to break down glycogen and release glucose back into the blood.

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32
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood, air and tissues.

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33
Q

Nose and mouth

A

Warms, moistens and filters the air we breathe in.

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34
Q

Epiglottis

A

Covers the entrance to the trachea when we are swallowing. in the throat

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35
Q

Pharynx (throat)

A

Passageway for food and air

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36
Q

Larynx (voicebox)

A

Muscles pull vocal cords together and air moving between them produces sound

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37
Q

Trachea (windpipe)

A

Connects larynx to bronchi; has cells with cilia (“hairs”) to filter air

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38
Q

Lungs

A

Made up of many tiny air sacs that are lined with capillaries for gas exchange with the blood

39
Q

Bronchioles

A

Leads into the lungs from the trachea; branches out until it reaches alveoli

40
Q

Diaphragm

A

Large, flat, thin muscle that is between heart and liver and is involved in breathing.

41
Q

Where does gas exchange take place?

A

Between capillaries and the alveoli (air sacs), which are grouped into clusters that look like grapes; a delicate network of thin-walled capillaries surrounds each alveolus.

42
Q

Explain how the diaphragm moves when we inhale and exhale

A

When we inhale, the diaphragm moves down to open up the chest cavity; the rib cage rises. When we exhale, the diaphragm moves up to push air out of the lungs; rib cage lowers.

43
Q

What organs does the circulatory system include?

A

Heart, blood vessels and blood

44
Q

The heart is enclosed in a protective sac of tissue called the

A

pericardium

45
Q

What divides the left side of the heart from the right side of the heart.

A

septum

46
Q

How many chambers does a human heart have

A

four

47
Q

The upper chambers are called what

A

atria

48
Q

the bottom chambers are called what

A

ventricles

49
Q

The heart functions as two separate pumps. The right side of the heart pumps blood from the heart to the lungs and is called the what pathway.

A

pulmonary circulation

50
Q

Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs (where carbon dioxide was exchanged for oxygen) flows into the left side of the heart and is pumped to the rest of the body. this is called what

A

This is called the systemic circulation pathway.

51
Q

Blood that returns to the right side of the heart is oxygen-poor because…, The cycle starts again when this blood goes to the lungs.

A

cells have already absorbed the oxygen

52
Q

Why are valves important in the heart?

A

They keep blood moving through the heart in only 1 direction

53
Q

What are the 3 types of blood vessels in the circulatory system?

A

Arteries, capillaries and veins

54
Q

Artery

A

carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the rest of the body. largest vessel, has thick walls, are bright red because blood is oxygen rich

55
Q

capillaries

A

brings nutrients and oxygen to cells; removes CO2 and waste from cells. smallest vessels, one cell thick, connects arteries to veins

56
Q

veins

A

returns oxygen poor blood back to the heart from the body. contains valves to keep blood flowing toward the heart, are “blue” (dark red) because blood is oxygen poor

57
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?

A

Convert food into simpler molecules that the cells can use.

58
Q

Salivary glands

A

Create salivia, which contains enzymes to start breaking down food in the mouth.

59
Q

Esophagus

A

Connects the mouth to the stomach (contracts to help guide food down to stomach – this is called peristalsis)

60
Q

Stomach

A

A large muscular sac that contains digestive enzymes to break down food

61
Q

Small intestine

A

Most chemical digestion takes place here; where nutrients are absorbed from food

61
Q

Large intestine (colon)

A

Retains excess water; develops feces; make and absorb vitamins

62
Q

Liver

A

Detoxifies blood, produces bile (which breaks down, or ‘emulsifies’, fats)

63
Q

Gallbladder

A

Stores bile

64
Q

Spleen

A

Destroys and makes red blood cells; produces antibodies for the immune system

65
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Contractions of smooth muscle in the esophagus to help us swallow

66
Q

What is the function of the excretory (urinary) system

A

Remove waste (excess water, carbon dioxide, proteins sugars) from the body

67
Q

Kidney

A

Removes waste products from the blood; maintains blood pH, regulates the amount of water in the blood.

68
Q

Ureter

A

Tube that carries urine from kidney to bladder

69
Q

Bladder

A

Stores urine

70
Q

Urethra

A

Tube that carries urine from bladder to outside of body

71
Q

The kidneys filter all of the blood in the body every…

A

45 minutes

72
Q

A person can live without one of their kidneys. True or false

A

true

73
Q

Define puberty

A

Period of time where adolescents reach sexual maturity and are capable of reproduction

74
Q

Approximately what age does puberty occur

A

Female: 10-14 years of age Male: 12-16 years of age

75
Q

What is the primary function of the male reproductive system?

A

Produce sperm (and testosterone for the male secondary sex characteristics)

76
Q

Scrotum

A

An external sac that hold the testes at a couple of degrees cooler than the human body

77
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

Hundreds of tiny tubes where the sperm are produced (meiosis; spermatogenesis)

78
Q

Epididymis

A

Where the sperm mature and are stored before ejaculation

79
Q

What is the primary reproductive organ in a female?

A

ovary

80
Q

What are the primary functions of the female reproductive system?

A

Produce mature eggs every 28 days and prepare the body for pregnancy

81
Q

A female is born with all of the eggs she will ever have. About how many eggs are usually released in her lifetime? (it is estimated that about 800,000 eggs never mature!)

A

400 eggs

82
Q

Define ovulation.

A

The process in which an egg or eggs are released from one or both ovaries.

83
Q

fallopian tubes

A

Have cilia (hairs) that “sweep” egg into the uterus and there the sperm find the egg for conception

84
Q

Uterus

A

Where the fertilized egg implants and grows and develops for 40 weeks (9 ½ months)

85
Q

Placenta

A

Develops in uterus during pregnancy. Allows for mom’s blood vessels and fetal blood vessels to be close together for transfer of carbon dioxide and oxygen, nutrients and waste between mother and baby

86
Q

function of the nervous system?

A

collects sensory input and conducts impulses around body so body can respond to internal and external environmental changes

87
Q

the cells that transmit impulses within the nervous system are called…

A

neruons

88
Q

the central nervous system relays messages, processes information, and analyzes information. It consists of what?

A

the brain and spinal cord

89
Q

what are the layers that surround the brain called

A

meninges

90
Q

what bathes the brain and spinal cord and acts as a shock absorber, It also allows for the exchange of nutrients and waste products between blood and nervous tissue

A

cerebrospinal spinal fluid

91
Q

cerebrum

A

largest part of the brain; involved in thinking, logic, learning, judgement, intelligence, emotions, concious thoughts and movement

92
Q

cerebellum

A

coordination of muscle movements such as posture and balance

93
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

part of the brainstem; regulates involuntary survival functions like blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, digestion, vomiting, swallowing, defacation, and blinking

Biology Semester 2 (5 decks)

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