Biology Sem 2 unit 5 Flashcards
1
Q
Dorsal side
A
the top side
2
Q
ventral side
A
the lower side
3
Q
anterior
A
toward the head or front
4
Q
lateral
A
toward the side
5
Q
posterior
A
toward the tail
6
Q
medial
A
toward the midline
7
Q
proximal
A
near a point of reference
8
Q
distal
A
away from a point of reference
9
Q
right
A
the pigs right (your left)
10
Q
left
A
the pigs left (your right)
11
Q
pinna
A
ears
12
Q
nares
A
nostrils
13
Q
mammary papillae
A
teats
14
Q
umbilical cord
A
cord that connects fetal pig with the placenta
15
Q
genital papilla
A
aka urogenital opening, and the scrotum are in males
16
Q
hormone
A
chemical messenger that is produced and transported into tissue fluids to stimulate certain cells into action
17
Q
What is the function of the endocrine system?
A
To deliver “messages” throughout the body
18
Q
What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?
A
Exocrine: releases secretions through ducts. Endocrine: releases secretions through the bloodstream
19
Q
Give 1 example of an exocrine gland.
A
Sweat glands, tear glands, digestives juices being released from various glands
20
Q
Hypothalamus
A
Controls the secretions of the pituitary gland in brain
21
Q
Pituitary gland
A
Makes hormones that controls the function of other endocrine glands; called “the master gland; releases 9 hormones; smaller than the tip of little finger in brain
22
Q
Parathyroid glands
A
Releases parathyroid hormone, which regulates calcium levels in the body in throat
23
Q
Thymus
A
Releases thymosin (stimulates T cell production for immune system)
24
Q
Adrenal glands
A
Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to stress (“fight or flight”). in abdomen area
25
Pineal gland
Releases melatonin, which regulates our daily sleep/wake cycle. Melatonin makes us sleepy! in brain
26
Thyroid
Produces thyroxine which regulates metabolism, in throat
27
Pancreas
Releases insulin and glucagon, which both regulate blood sugar levels. in abdomen
28
Ovaries
Produces estrogen (responsible for egg development and the formation of the physical characteristics associated with puberty) and progesterone (prepares uterus for pregnancy) in hip area
29
Testes
Produces testosterone (sperm production and the formation of the physical characteristics associated with puberty) in hip area
30
Which gland is considered part of both the endocrine and digestive systems
pancreas
31
Explain how the pancreas maintains homeostasis.
When blood sugar levels are too high, the pancreas secretes insulin. Insulin stimulates liver and muscles to store excess glucose as glycogen. When blood sugar levels are too low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. Glucagon stimulates liver and muscles to break down glycogen and release glucose back into the blood.
32
What is the function of the respiratory system?
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood, air and tissues.
33
Nose and mouth
Warms, moistens and filters the air we breathe in.
34
Epiglottis
Covers the entrance to the trachea when we are swallowing. in the throat
35
Pharynx (throat)
Passageway for food and air
36
Larynx (voicebox)
Muscles pull vocal cords together and air moving between them produces sound
37
Trachea (windpipe)
Connects larynx to bronchi; has cells with cilia (“hairs”) to filter air
38
Lungs
Made up of many tiny air sacs that are lined with capillaries for gas exchange with the blood
39
Bronchioles
Leads into the lungs from the trachea; branches out until it reaches alveoli
40
Diaphragm
Large, flat, thin muscle that is between heart and liver and is involved in breathing.
41
Where does gas exchange take place?
Between capillaries and the alveoli (air sacs), which are grouped into clusters that look like grapes; a delicate network of thin-walled capillaries surrounds each alveolus.
42
Explain how the diaphragm moves when we inhale and exhale
When we inhale, the diaphragm moves down to open up the chest cavity; the rib cage rises. When we exhale, the diaphragm moves up to push air out of the lungs; rib cage lowers.
43
What organs does the circulatory system include?
Heart, blood vessels and blood
44
The heart is enclosed in a protective sac of tissue called the
pericardium
45
What divides the left side of the heart from the right side of the heart.
septum
46
How many chambers does a human heart have
four
47
The upper chambers are called what
atria
48
the bottom chambers are called what
ventricles
49
The heart functions as two separate pumps. The right side of the heart pumps blood from the heart to the lungs and is called the what pathway.
pulmonary circulation
50
Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs (where carbon dioxide was exchanged for oxygen) flows into the left side of the heart and is pumped to the rest of the body. this is called what
This is called the systemic circulation pathway.
51
Blood that returns to the right side of the heart is oxygen-poor because..., The cycle starts again when this blood goes to the lungs.
cells have already absorbed the oxygen
52
Why are valves important in the heart?
They keep blood moving through the heart in only 1 direction
53
What are the 3 types of blood vessels in the circulatory system?
Arteries, capillaries and veins
54
Artery
carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the rest of the body. largest vessel, has thick walls, are bright red because blood is oxygen rich
55
capillaries
brings nutrients and oxygen to cells; removes CO2 and waste from cells. smallest vessels, one cell thick, connects arteries to veins
56
veins
returns oxygen poor blood back to the heart from the body. contains valves to keep blood flowing toward the heart, are "blue" (dark red) because blood is oxygen poor
57
What is the function of the digestive system?
Convert food into simpler molecules that the cells can use.
58
Salivary glands
Create salivia, which contains enzymes to start breaking down food in the mouth.
59
Esophagus
Connects the mouth to the stomach (contracts to help guide food down to stomach – this is called peristalsis)
60
Stomach
A large muscular sac that contains digestive enzymes to break down food
61
Small intestine
Most chemical digestion takes place here; where nutrients are absorbed from food
61
Large intestine (colon)
Retains excess water; develops feces; make and absorb vitamins
62
Liver
Detoxifies blood, produces bile (which breaks down, or ‘emulsifies’, fats)
63
Gallbladder
Stores bile
64
Spleen
Destroys and makes red blood cells; produces antibodies for the immune system
65
What is peristalsis?
Contractions of smooth muscle in the esophagus to help us swallow
66
What is the function of the excretory (urinary) system
Remove waste (excess water, carbon dioxide, proteins sugars) from the body
67
Kidney
Removes waste products from the blood; maintains blood pH, regulates the amount of water in the blood.
68
Ureter
Tube that carries urine from kidney to bladder
69
Bladder
Stores urine
70
Urethra
Tube that carries urine from bladder to outside of body
71
The kidneys filter all of the blood in the body every...
45 minutes
72
A person can live without one of their kidneys. True or false
true
73
Define puberty
Period of time where adolescents reach sexual maturity and are capable of reproduction
74
Approximately what age does puberty occur
Female: 10-14 years of age Male: 12-16 years of age
75
What is the primary function of the male reproductive system?
Produce sperm (and testosterone for the male secondary sex characteristics)
76
Scrotum
An external sac that hold the testes at a couple of degrees cooler than the human body
77
Seminiferous tubules
Hundreds of tiny tubes where the sperm are produced (meiosis; spermatogenesis)
78
Epididymis
Where the sperm mature and are stored before ejaculation
79
What is the primary reproductive organ in a female?
ovary
80
What are the primary functions of the female reproductive system?
Produce mature eggs every 28 days and prepare the body for pregnancy
81
A female is born with all of the eggs she will ever have. About how many eggs are usually released in her lifetime? (it is estimated that about 800,000 eggs never mature!)
400 eggs
82
Define ovulation.
The process in which an egg or eggs are released from one or both ovaries.
83
fallopian tubes
Have cilia (hairs) that “sweep” egg into the uterus and there the sperm find the egg for conception
84
Uterus
Where the fertilized egg implants and grows and develops for 40 weeks (9 ½ months)
85
Placenta
Develops in uterus during pregnancy. Allows for mom’s blood vessels and fetal blood vessels to be close together for transfer of carbon dioxide and oxygen, nutrients and waste between mother and baby
86
function of the nervous system?
collects sensory input and conducts impulses around body so body can respond to internal and external environmental changes
87
the cells that transmit impulses within the nervous system are called...
neruons
88
the central nervous system relays messages, processes information, and analyzes information. It consists of what?
the brain and spinal cord
89
what are the layers that surround the brain called
meninges
90
what bathes the brain and spinal cord and acts as a shock absorber, It also allows for the exchange of nutrients and waste products between blood and nervous tissue
cerebrospinal spinal fluid
91
cerebrum
largest part of the brain; involved in thinking, logic, learning, judgement, intelligence, emotions, concious thoughts and movement
92
cerebellum
coordination of muscle movements such as posture and balance
93
Medulla oblongata
part of the brainstem; regulates involuntary survival functions like blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, digestion, vomiting, swallowing, defacation, and blinking
