Biology sem 2 unit 3 Flashcards by Chloe Hansen

Genotype

actual genetic makeup, letters are used

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Phenotype

observed physical traits

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homozygous

organisms that have 2 identical alleles for a particular trait

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heterozygous

organisms that have 2 different alleles for the same trait

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segregation

separation of alleles

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allele

contrasting forms, or versions, of a gene

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punnett square

a better way of finding the possible gene combinations of offsprings

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homologous chromosomes

matching sets of chromosomes

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haploid cell

the gametes of the reproducing organism has only one set of chromosomes (23), only found in sperm and egg cells (1N)

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diploid cell

a cell that has both sets of homologous chromosomes (2N) found in body cells, 46 chromosomes

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5 differences between monozygotic and dizygotic twins

Monozygotic twins are split from one cell and form from one egg and one sperm, they result in identical twins, they do not run in families, called identical twins, they have identical DNA. Dizygotic twins form from 2 eggs and are fertilized by 2 different sperm, they result in fraternal twins, they do run in families on the mothers side, called fraternal twins, they have different DNA

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how do triplets form

3 separate individual eggs are fertilized by 3 separate individual sperm. 2 eggs come out of one ovary and 1 egg out the other. Or one egg splits into 3, then they’re all fraternal twins.

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what does dominant mean

run in families

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3 examples of dominant traits that aren’t common

widows peak, short big toe, cleft chin

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girl chromosomes

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boy chromosomes

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down syndrome

(trisomy, 21) or (47,#21). 1/600 with both genders. physically- upward slanting eyes, single crease in palm, poor muscle tone, heart and kidney defects. mentally- LD, DD

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Jacobs syndrome

(supermale) (47, XYY); 1/1000. physical- very tall, acne, low muscle tone. mental- LD, ADD, ADHD, aggressive behavior

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turners syndrome

(45, X); 1/2000). physical- short, low hairline/ears, webbed neck, heart/kidney/thyroid problems. mental- average intelligence, LD

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edwards syndrome

(trisomy 18), (47,#18); 1/8000). Most miscarry or don’t survive past 2 weeks. physical- deformed skull/jaw/ears/necks, cleft palate, webbed feet, born w/ clenched fists, heart/kidney problems. Mental- don’t make it that far

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superfemale syndrome

triple X (47, XXX), 1/1000 females. physical- very tall, widely spaced eyes, kidney problems and seizures. mental- delayed speech development, LD/ADD/autism/anxiety/depression, behavior problems

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patau syndrome

trisomy 13 (47,#13), 1/16000. physical- brain/spine issues, cleft palate, poorly developed eyes, polyploidy, weak. mental- severe problems. most pass in first years

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Cri du Chat syndrome

5p deletion (46,#5), 1/50000. physical- small head, low birth weight, weak muscle tone, low set ears/wide set eyes, cry like a cat. mental- severe problems

Explain what maple syrup urine disease is. Explain how autosomal recessive disorders work

If both parents are heterozygous or have the recessive gene for the disorder, then there is a 25% chance of their child to have the disorder, 25% chance for their child to not have it, 50% chance for children to be a carrier. Found in amish and mennonites population and is very common for them

what is meiosis

Process of reproduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell. A reduction division in the number of chromosomes in a diploid cells

end result of meiosis 1

The separation of homologous chromosomes, halpoid with 2 cells

end result of meiosis 2

The separation of sister chromatids, with 4 cells and all still haploid

is og parent cell haploid or diploid in mitosis and meiosis

mitosis-diploid, meiosis-diploid

how many daughter cells produced in meiosis and mitosis

mitosis-2, meiosis-4 sperm cells and 1 egg cell

are daughter cells haploid or diploid in meiosis and mitosis

mitosis-diploid, meiosis-haploid

are daughter cells identical to parent cells in meiosis and mitosis

mitosis-yes, meiosis-no

are the daughter cells identical to each other in mitosis and meiosis

mitosis-yes, meiosis-no

what type of cells does this occur in for mitosis and meiosis

mitosis-somatic cells(body cells), meiosis- sex cells

how often does mitosis and meiosis occur

mitosis- depends on type of cell, meiosis- male(every few hours make sperm), female(every 28 days make eggs)

how many viable sperm created during meiosis

4 viable sperm

how many viable eggs created during meiosis

1 egg

What are polar bodies? How many polar bodies during female meiosis

3 polar bodies, eggs that are made along the side of the original egg but it isn’t able to be fertilized and are empty egg cells.

what is gametogenesis

formation of gametes(sex cells)

What is oogenesis and Spermatogenesis

oogenesis-formation of female gametes(eggs) spermatogenesis- formation of male gametes(sperm)

Explain how the egg cell in a female and a sperm cell in the male develop prior to the child's birth

Female- born with all the eggs they’ll ever have. starts meiosis then halts at prophase. And stays dormant until puberty Male- starts meiosis then halts at prophase

Explain what happens to the egg and sperm once the child reaches puberty

Female- every 28 days an oocyte(egg) is released from ovary and continues meiosis, halts at metaphase 2 and waits for fertilization, if it doesn’t get fertilized it’s done. Male- continues meiosis and finishes it.

who is the father of genetics and what plant did he study

Gregor Mendel, pea plants

How did Mendel set up his experiment, starting with the Pt generation to the F2 generation

In the p generation he let them self breed then they were all pure breeds. He first started off by cross pollinating 2 true breeding plants in the F1 generation. Then after seeing that one trait that didn’t come through in the F1 plants he decided to let the F2 generation self breed to see if the trait would come back.

what does true-breeding mean

self pollinating

Summarize Mendel's principles

Parents pass traits to offspring in the form of genes, genes are dominant or recessive, genes have different varieties of alleles.

List the steps to solving dihybrid story problems

determine parents, foil to find combination of gametes, then put into punnett square, then answer the question

what are the 4 blood types

A, B, AB, O

The type of antigen (protein) present for blood types

A: a antigen, B: b antigen, AB: both a and b, O: has none

Possible genotypes for blood types

A: IA, IAi, B: IB IBi, AB: IAIB, O: ii

What type they can donate blood to

A- A, AB; B- B, AB; AB: AB; O: all

What type they can receive blood from in blood types

A- A, O; B: B, O; AB: all, O: O

Antibodies found in blood types

A: b antibodies; B: a antibodies; AB: no antibodies; O: a and b antibodies

What is the rH factor? Why is it important during pregnancy?

A protein that decides if the blood type is positive or not. If a mom with no rH factor has a kid with Rh factor then it can cause the mom to get sick. The first pregnancy will be fine until the birth of the child. And as the mom continues to have kids the mom could get sick and kill the baby

universal donor, why

o-, because it doesn’t have anything that other bloodtypes haven’t already seen. And it doesn’t have any antigens at all

universal recipient, why

AB+, Because there is nothing that this blood type hasn seen in terms of A and B anitbodies and rH protein. And has all the antigens and won’t be making any antibodies

most and least common blood type

least: AB-, most: O+

Name two pros of CRISPR. Name two cons of CRISPR

Pros- can help get rid of hereditary diseases, is cost efficient, is helpful with protecting crops from problems. Cons- is very new and has little research, has problems in the process because the process is very difficult and one little thing could go wrong, people could misuse the technology and try to physically/mentally advance themselves