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Biology Semester 2 > biology sem 2 unit 1 > Flashcards

biology sem 2 unit 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what does dna stand for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

what are the 2 reasons why dna is unique

A

it contains our genetic code and copies itself exactly

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3
Q

what are the building blocks of dna

A

nucleotides

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4
Q

what are the 3 parts of a nucleotide

A

phosphate, sugar(deoxyribose), and nitrogen base

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5
Q

what are the 4 nitrogen bases for dna

A

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

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6
Q

what are the purines and how many rings do they have

A

adenine and guanine, 2 rings

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7
Q

what are the pyrimidines and how many rings do they have

A

cytosine and thymine, 1 ring

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8
Q

when and who discovered the double helix structure of dna

A

1953; wilkins, watson, franklin, crick

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9
Q

what did Erwin Chargaff discover

A

In any sample of dna thymine and adenine have close to the same percentages, guanine and cytosine then also have close to the same percentages

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10
Q

what is the backbone of dna made up of

A

sugar and phosphate

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11
Q

what holds the dna molecule together

A

hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

which are the nitrogen bases always connected to, the sugar or the phosphate

A

sugar

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13
Q

name the complementary strands of dna

A

adenine-thymine, cytosine-guanine

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14
Q

what enzyme unzips the 2 strands of dna in dna replication

A

dna helicase

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15
Q

what does dna polymerase do

A

link the compliments of the old dna strand together

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16
Q

what is mRNA

A

found in the nucleus, then moves thru nuclear pores to cytoplasm, single, uncoiled chain; carries genetic info of dna in the nucleus to the cytoplasm

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17
Q

tRNA

A

found in cytoplasm. Bonds to a specific amino acid and carries that amino acid to the ribosomes

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18
Q

rRNA

A

found in the ribosome(in cytoplasm), rRNA functions in the ribosomes as a metabolic molecule that aids in protein synthesis. (most common type, least understoood)

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19
Q

what are the 4 differences between dna and rna

A

Dna- 2 strands, deoxyribose(5-carbon sugar name), has thymine, stays in nucleus. Rna- 1 strand, ribose(5 carbon sugar name), uracil, can leave the nucleus

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20
Q

what is transcription and where does it occur

A

Rna molecules are produced by copying part of the nucleotide sequence of dna into a complementary sequence in rna; occurs in nucleus

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21
Q

step 1 of transcription

A

rna polymerase binds to a specific region of a dna molecule called the promoter site

22
Q

step 2 of transcription

A

Separation of complementary strands of dna occurs

23
Q

step 3 of transcription

A

Rna polymerase then uses one strand of dna as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand rna

24
Q

step 4 of transcription

A

Rna polymerase reaches the termination site and the newly made rna is released

25
Q

step 5 of transcription

A

The new rna strand moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm though the nuclear pores. In the cytoplasm it will be read by a ribosome to make a protein

26
Q

what enzyme is responsible for transcription

A

rna polymerase

27
Q

how does mRNA move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of a cell

A

it moves through nuclear pores

28
Q

a series of 3 mRNA nitrogen bases that contain the info needed to make proteins are called what

A

codons

29
Q

what is the universal start codon and what amino acid does it code for

A

AUG, methionine

30
Q

what are the 3 stop codons

A

UGA, UAG, UAA

31
Q

what is translation and where does it occur in the cell

A

The sequence of nitrogen bases in the newly made mRNA strand is translated into a chain of amino acids in the cytoplasm at the ribosome; occurs in the cytoplasm

32
Q

step 1 of translation

A

mRNA made a copy of dna and then the mRNA exits the nucleus thru nuclear pores and enters the cytoplasm

33
Q

step 2 of translation

A

tRNA is now activated to pick up a specific amino acid in the cytoplasm. tRNA transports the amino acid to the ribosome

34
Q

step 3 of translation

A

When a tRNA anticodon binds to the mRNA codon, the amino acid it carries detaches from the tRNA and attaches to the end of a growing protein chain via peptide bonds

35
Q

step 4 of translation

A

Once the a.a. has joined the protein chain, the tRNA detached from the mRNA strand

36
Q

what does the word mutation mean

A

to change

37
Q

mutations that produce changes in a single gene are called

A

gene mutations

38
Q

mutations that produce changes in a whole chromosome are known as

A

chromosomal mutations

39
Q

in what ways do most mutations affect organisms

A

most mutations have little to no affects

40
Q

what are 3 examples of gene (point) mutations

A

substitution, insertion, and deletion

41
Q

what does it mean that insertions and deletions usually result in a frameshift

A

A nitrogen base is added or taken away from the mrna strand which shifts the reading of the strand since the codons are read in 3s. So there would be a new grouping of 3s which shifts everything.

42
Q

what are the 4 types of chromosomal mutations

A

translocation, inversion, deletion, and duplication

43
Q

explain translocation

A

affects 2 different chromosomes, worst one, when one part of a chromosome breaks off and joins another

44
Q

explain duplication

A

affects 1 chromosome, produces an extra copy of all or part of a chromosome, causes the original and duplication to cancel each other out

45
Q

explain deletion

A

affects 1 chromosome, loss of all or part of a chromosome

46
Q

explain inversion

A

affects 1 chromosome, switches parts of the chromosome right next to each other which changes the order of the original chromosome

47
Q

what are the 3 types of substitutions

A

missense, nonsense, and silent

48
Q

explain missense

A

if a substitution changes the amino acid

49
Q

explain silent

A

if the substitution doesn’t change the amino acid

50
Q

explain nonsense

A

if the substitution changes the amino acid to a stop codon

Biology Semester 2 (5 decks)

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