Biology - Part 4

Question 1

What are mutations?

Answer 1

Slide 31

Question 2

What are nucleic acids?

Answer 2

Stores and transmits hereditary information

Polymers of nucleotides (monomer)

Question 3

What are nucleotides (three) and what encodes the genetic information?

Answer 3

Nucleotide = Pentose sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Purines (2 rings) vs. Pyrimidines (1 ring) - encodes genetic information

Adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), uracil (U), thymine (T)

Question 4

What is DNA and its components?

Answer 4

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - genetic blueprint of the cell

Double-helix; deoxyribose-phosphate backbone; anti-parallel; with complementary base-pairing; strands held by hydrogen bonds

A + T C + G

Question 5

What is RNA and its components?

Answer 5

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) - messenger within the cell

Mostly single stranded strings of nucleotides; ribose-phosphate backbone

A + U C + G

Question 6

What is transcription and translation?

Answer 6

Transcription: DNA → RNA

Translation: RNA → Protein

Question 7

What is a prokaryote?

Answer 7

Most basic type of cell that can exist independently of other cells

Question 8

What are the seven inner features of bacteria (prokaryotes)?

Answer 8

Cell wall: outside, rigid layer that separates the inside and outside of the cell

Cytoplasm: gel-like fluid that surrounds/houses organelles

Nucleoid: condensed DNA of the cell

Plasmids: small, circular extra-chromosomal DNA; not associated w/ DNA in the nucleoid

Ribosomes: manufacture proteins from RNA and amino acids; free-floating in cytoplasm; proteins do majority of the work in the cells

Flagella: long, whip-like structures for locomotion

Pili: facilitates communication and transfer of genetic information between two cells

Question 9

What are eukarya?

Answer 9

Have eukaryotic cells; more complex; larger; some are single cells, but most exist together as a multicellular organism

Question 10

What are the organelles of eukarya?

Answer 10

ER

Golgi apparatus

Vesicles

Mitochondria

Microtubules

Nucleus

Nucleolus

Question 11

What is the ER, rough and smooth?

Answer 11

Tubular transport network made up of flattened membranous sacs

Rough ER: studded with ribosomes; protein transportation, modification and secretion

Smooth ER: free of ribosomes; steroid and lipid modification

Question 12

What does the golgi appratus do?

Answer 12

Sorts, packages, transports, and secretes proteins; works with ER in protein movement and processing

Question 13

What are the functions of vesicles and the types?

Answer 13

Small, membrane-bounded sacs within cytoplasm; transports or stores proteins

Vacuoles: basic storage unit

Lysosomes: contains enzymes for cellular digestion

Peroxisomes: detoxification via hydrogen peroxide

Question 14

What are mitochondria and the function?

Answer 14

Kidney shaped, double membrane organelle; cristae, or inner folds, contain enzymes for ATP production

Question 15

What are microtubules and the functions?

Answer 15

Transports cellular material; forms mitotic spindle during mitosis for proper organization and separation of chromosomes

Centrosome help to form and organize the mitotic spindles.

Question 16

What is the nucleus?

Answer 16

Very large, double membrane organelle with pores; contains genetic information; control center

Question 17

What is the nucleolus?

Answer 17

Small body w/n nucleus; rRNA production

Question 18

What are flagella?

Answer 18

Some eukaryotic cells have flagella; if more than one, its called cilia; locomotion and movement

Question 19

Are plants eukaryotic?

Answer 19

Yes

But they have chloroplasts!

Question 20

What are chloroplasts?

Answer 20

Contains chlorophyll, allowing cells to capture solar energy for production of glucose during photosynthesis

Structurally similar to mitochondria

Plants have both mitochondria and chloroplasts