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Unit 1 BTEC science > biology part 2 > Flashcards

biology part 2 Flashcards

specialised cells (plant cells) - end

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the function of palisade cells

A

they specialise in food manufacturing

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2
Q

what is the structure of a palisade cell

A
  • Cylindrical shaped
  • Packed tightly in the upper part of the leaf
  • contains chloroplast to capture energy from photosynthesis
  • large vacuole to help keep the cell and structure rigid
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3
Q

what is the function of a root hair cell

A

absorbs water and dissolved minerals from the soil (active transport)

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4
Q

what is the structure of the root hair cell

A
  • large surface area for active transport
  • contains mitochondria to help supply energy for active transport.
  • thin wall to absorb water
  • long extension that goes into the soil
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5
Q

what is the structure and function of the xylem

A
  • found in roots, stems and leaves
  • helps support plants.
  • hardened cell wall
  • transports water by capillary action
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6
Q

what is the structure and function of phloem

A
  • found in roots, stems and leaves

- supplies energy or transportation of sugars from photosynthesis

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7
Q

what is the structure of guard cells

A
  • thin outer walls and thicker inner walls to open and close

- sensitive to light and close at night to save water without missing out on photosynthesis

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8
Q

what is the function of guard cells

A

-adapted to open and close the stomata in the leaf.
-if the plant has lots of water the cell will fill with water and turgid (swollen) in order to make the stomata open for gas exchange for photosynthesis
-

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9
Q

what is the epithelial tissue

A

covers the external surfaces of organs eg skin and the lining on the internal organs.

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10
Q

what are connective tissues

A

provide support to epithelial tissue and skeletal system

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11
Q

what is the muscle tissue

A

used for movement

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12
Q

what is the nervous tissue

A

controls all of the body (voluntary and involuntary)

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13
Q

name the 4 types of tissue

A
  • epithelial
  • connective
  • muscle
  • nervous
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14
Q

what is a tissue

A

group of cells similar in structure and carry out related functions

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15
Q

name where the epithelial tissue is found

A
  • skin
  • respiratory tract
  • digestive tract
  • urinary tract
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16
Q

what is the squamous epithelial tissue

A
  • covers a body surface or internal organs like lungs.
  • nearly all substances received/given off by the body must pass through an epithelium layer.
  • supplied by blood vessels.
  • are continually being replaced.
  • very flat and thin with egg shaped nuclei
  • one cell thick
  • good force surfaces where diffusion occurs
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17
Q

what is the function of the squamous epithelial tissue

A

protection, secretion, absorption, filtration, excretion and sensory reception

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18
Q

what is the structure of the red blood cells

A
  • concave shape for big surface area to help diffusion between oxygen and co2 helping them pass smoothly through capillaries.
  • packed with haemoglobin which absorbs oxygen.
  • no nucleus so there’s more room for haemoglobin
  • made in the bone marrow
  • shape allows them to squeeze through blood vessels
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19
Q

what is the function of the red blood cells

A

-adapted to carry oxygen

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20
Q

what is the structure and function of the sperm

A
  • the head (acrosome) contains enzymes that digest the outer layers of the egg cell.
  • the haploid nucleus contains one set of chromosomes.
  • undulipodium for movement to swim to the egg.
  • Mid-region has mitochondria to provide energy for movement.
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21
Q

what the structure and function of the egg

A
  • the haploid nucleus contains half of the chromosomes.
  • special vesicles contain a substance that helps stop more than one sperm from fertilising the egg.
  • cytoplasm is full of energy-rich material.
  • follicle cells supply vital proteins.
  • zona pellucida (jelly layer) stops more than one sperm from fertilising the egg.
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22
Q

what is the structure and function of white blood cells

A
  • large nucleus and is made in the bone marrow and lymph nodes.
  • two types are phagocytes and lymphocytes
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23
Q

What is the columnar epithelium

A
  • the upper airway (trachea and bronchi) is lined with ciliates epithelium cells
  • the cells have a lot of mitochondria
  • the cilia in the epithelium move mucus away from the lungs, preventing inhaled particles causing infections
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24
Q

What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A
  • more common in smokers as substances in smoke damages the lungs
  • smoke causes the cilia of the columnar epithelium to slow down and stop beating and eventually dies off so mucus builds up.
  • clogs the airways and causes coughing that ruptures the thin alveolar epithelial cells reducing the surface area for gas exchange
  • provides good environment for pathogens to grow
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25
Q

What is endothelial tissue

A
  • endothelial tissue lined the inside of the blood vessels. It is made from a single layer of flat, long cells
  • their function is to provide a smooth surface so that blood flows smoothly and easily
26
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A
  • a disease that leads to CHD and strokes
  • fatty deposits can either block an artery directly or increase its chances of being blocked by blood clot
  • cigarette smoke contains many toxic chemicals that lead to this
  • thickness of the blood increases and causes fatty deposits to build up on the walls of the arteries.
  • smoking increases blood pressure and heart rate which causes damage to the endothelium
27
Q

What is a muscle

A

Muscles are made up of bundles of cells called muscle fibres. The fibres are made up of myofibrils

28
Q

What is myofibril

A

Made up of actin and myosin filaments

29
Q

What is sarcomere

A

Repeated units of actin and myosin filaments. This is the basic unit for muscle contraction

30
Q

What is the order in myofibril, sacromere, muscle and bundle of muscle fibres

A

Muscle —— bundle of muscle fibres ——— myofibril ——— sacromere (actin and myosin)

31
Q

What are muscles made from

A

Thick protein filament made from the protein myosin and the thin filament of actin.

32
Q

What happens when a muscle contraction takes place

A

The actin filaments move between the myosin filaments, shortening the length of the sacromere and the length of the muscle

33
Q

What is a slow twitch muscle fibre

A
  • slow
  • contracts for a long period of exercise
  • supplies mitochondria from aerobic respiration (oxygen)
  • lots of capillaries
  • doesn’t tire easily
  • large oxygen and glucose stores
34
Q

what is a fast twitch muscle fibre

A
  • rapid intense contractions in short bursts.
  • few mitochondria from anaerobic respiration (no oxygen)
  • few capillaries
  • tires easily
  • little glucose and oxygen stores
35
Q

what are nerves

A
  • made up of neurones
  • carries messages in the form of electronic signals from one part of the body to another.
  • the messages are known as nerve impulses
36
Q

what is the structure of the nervous system

A

it is broken down into two parts, the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system which consists of the brain and spinal cord.

37
Q

what is the structure of a neurone

A

-cell body
-nucleus
-dendrite (finger-like things around the nucleus)
schwann cell (inside bit of the tail)
-myelin sheaths (outside bit of the tail)
-node of Ranvier (the connecting bit that connects two Schwann cells)
-axon terminals (the bit that attaches to the dendrite)

38
Q

what is the function of the cell body

A

contains the nucleus and is where all the materials needed by the cell are made

39
Q

what is the function of the axon

A

adapted to conduct an electric impulse called an action potential

40
Q

what is the function of the dendrite

A

receives chemical signals from the axon terminal to other neurons

41
Q

what is the function of Schwann cell

A

Produces myelin sheaths

42
Q

what is the function of the node of Ranvier

A

gaps in the myelin sheath, they allow the electrical impulse to pick up speed

43
Q

what are nerves that arent myelinated

A

they are responsible for transmitting pain such as aches and soreness rather than sharp pain and detects a temperature change.

44
Q

what is a non-myelinated nerves function

A
  • dont have a myelin sheath
  • grey
  • transmits impulses slower
  • dont have nodes of Ranvier
45
Q

what is a myelinated nerves function

A
  • have a myelin sheath
  • white
  • transmit impulses very fast
  • do have nodes of Ranvier
46
Q

what are the 3 types of neurones

A
  • sensory neurones
  • relay neurones
  • motor neurones
47
Q

what is an action potential

A

neurones send electric impulses which are generated by the concentration of ions inside and outside of the nerve cell causing a potential difference which is known as an action potential which transmits an electrical signal between nerve cells.

48
Q

what is a sensory neurone

A

connects sensory receptors to the central nervous system (CNS)

49
Q

what is a relay neurone

A

found in the central nervous system (connects sensory neurones to motor)

50
Q

what is a motor neurone

A

communicates from CNS to effectors

51
Q

why cant a new action potential be generated in the same section of membrane for 5 milliseconds

A

to ensure yhst the impluse travels in one direction along a nerve fibre. between the action potentials the cell is at resting potential.

52
Q

what is the action potential triggered by

A

it is triggered the depolarisation of nearby membrane changing the potential difference to the threshold potential.

53
Q

what will happen if the threshold potential isnt reached

A

if it isnt reached nothing will happen

54
Q

what is depolarisation in the nerve

A
  • sodium gates open
  • sodium diffuses into the cell carrying a positive charge
  • sodium gates close.
55
Q

what is repolarisation in the nerve

A
  • potassium gates open
  • potassium diffuses out of the cell taking positive charge with it.
  • potassium gates close
56
Q

what is recovery in the nerve

A
  • potassium moves back into the cell through non-voltage-gated channels
  • attached by negative charges as hyperplolarised
  • rested potential equilibrium restored
57
Q

what is the saltatory conduction

A
  • the only region of a myelinated nerve fibre that can be depolarised is at the nodes of Ranvier where there is no myelin.
  • meaning that the nerve impluses can travel a longer distance and that they can travel faster without myelin.
  • the impulse ‘jumps’ from one node to the next.`
58
Q

what are ElectroCardiograms (ECG)

A
  • it measures the action potentials of the heart.
  • electrons are placed on different parts of the body to detect electrical impulses.
  • the machine amplifies the impulses during each heartbeat and records them.
59
Q

what does the P wave

A
  • the time of atrial systole (contraction)

- depolarisation of the atria (upper chambers of the heart) so they contract

60
Q

what does the QRS complex

A
  • the time of the ventricular systole (contraction

- depolarisation of the ventricles so they contract

61
Q

what does the T wave

A
  • caused by repolarisation of the ventricles during diastole (relaxation and recovery)
  • repolarisation of the ventricles (recovery)

Unit 1 BTEC science (4 decks)

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