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Unit 1 BTEC science > biology part 1 > Flashcards

biology part 1 Flashcards

microscopes- prokaryotes

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the formula for microscopy

A

measured size/ actual size

m= i/a

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2
Q

what is the function of the course focus

A

An unclear focus

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3
Q

what is the function of the fine focus

A

a clear view

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4
Q

what is the function of the objective lens

A

brings the cell to focus

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5
Q

what is the function of the stage

A

Supports the specimen

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6
Q

what is the function of the light source

A

A source of light that helps sees the specimen clearer

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7
Q

what are the disadvantages of using a light microscope

A

the wavelength of the light limits the microscope from seeing inside of the specimen.

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8
Q

what is the formula for total magnification

A

magnification of the eyepiece lens X magnification of the objective lens.

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9
Q

what magnification does the eyepiece usually have

A

x10

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10
Q

what is the greatest magnification of the objective lens

A

x100

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11
Q

what is the greatest total magnification

A

x1000

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12
Q

How do you set up a specimen

A
  • the specimen must be thin so that a light/ electron beam can pass through.
  • a coverslip is needed to protect the specimen and lens from touching.
  • Stains can help distinguish different features of the specimen.
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13
Q

what are the disadvantages of using an electron microscope

A

it can only examine dead specimens,

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14
Q

what are the advantages of using an electron microscope

A

it has a shorter wavelength allowing us to see more details in the specimen

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15
Q

what is the formula for actual size

A

Measured size/ magnification

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16
Q

what structures can a light microscope see

A

DNA
Plasma membrane
ribosomes
cytoplasm

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17
Q

what structures can an electron microscope see

A 
Plasma membrane 
Rough ER 
Smooth ER
Mitrochondia
Cytoplasm
ribosomes
golgi apparatus
lysomome
centrioles
nucleus
vesicle
nucleolus
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18
Q

what is the function of the Plasma membrane

A
  • protects the cell from its surroundings

- regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

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19
Q

what is the function of the Rough ER

A
  • series of single, flattened sacs
  • surrounded by ribosomes on the surface.
  • proteins made here
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20
Q

what are prokaryotes

A

bacteria, they are made of single cells with no membrane-bound organelles

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21
Q

what is the function of the smooth ER

A
  • A series of single, sacs made of membrane.

- lipids are made here.

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22
Q

what is the function of the mitochondrion

A
  • surrounded by a double membrane.
  • inner membrane folded into finger-like projections called cristae.
  • central area contains a jelly called the matrix.
  • contains ribosomes and DNA
  • site of respiration
23
Q

what is the function of the cytoplasm

A
  • Fluid that fills a cell
  • dissolves molecules in a solution (enzymes, sugars, amino acids and fatty acids)
  • site of metabolic processes
24
Q

what is the function of the ribosome

A

-site of protein synthesis

25
Q

what is the function of the Golgi apparatus

A
  • series of single, curved sacs enclosed in a membrane.
  • vesicles cluster around the Golgi.
  • modifies proteins and packages them in vesicles for transportation.
26
Q

what is the function of the lysosome

A
  • enclosed by a single membrane
  • contains digestive enzymes
  • destroys old organelles and pathogens
27
Q

what is the function of the centrioles

A
  • two hollow cylinders
  • arranged at right- angles to eachother
  • makes the spindle in cell division
28
Q

what is the function of the nucleus

A
  • surrounded by a double membrane

- holes in the nuclear membrane

29
Q

what is the function of the vesicle

A
  • small, membrane-bound sac

- transports and stores substances in the cell.

30
Q

what is the function of the nucleolus

A
  • region of dense DNA and protein.

- makes ribosomes.

31
Q

what is the bacteria cells structure

A
  • plasmids
  • capsule
  • ribosomes
  • nucleoid
  • cell wall
32
Q

what is the function of the what is the function of the plasmids

A
  • double-stranded DNA in a circular structure

- contains additional genes that aid the survival of the bacteria, e.g.antibiotic resistance/ toxin-producing genes

33
Q

what is the function of the capsule

A
  • polysaccharidde layer outside the cell wall.
  • protects cells from drying out, or being engulfed by white blood cells.
  • helps cells to stick to surfaces
34
Q

what is the function of the cell wall

A
  • provides support and protection

- made of long-chained molecules made up of a sugar and amino acids called peptidoglycan

35
Q

what is the function of the nucleoid

A
  • region where single circular, length of DNA is folded.

- DNA carries information

36
Q

what is a gram-negative bacteria

A

they dont retain the gram stain when washed with acetone and absolute alcohol because the cell wall has an outer layer.

37
Q

what is a gram-positive bacteria

A

they retain the gram stain because the thick peptidoglycan wall absorbs the sain and they dont have an outer layer of cell wall

38
Q

why are gram-negative bateria more resistant than gram-postive bacteria

A

gram-negative bacteria are more resistant to antibiotics than gram-positive because gram negatives have an outer membrane on its cell wall which protects them from bacteria

39
Q

how do you get from 1000 micrometres ( μm) to 1 millimetre (mm)

A

1000μm = 1mm

40
Q

how do you get from 1000 nanometers (nm) to 1 micrometre( μm)

A

1000nm= 1 μm

41
Q

How do you get from 1000000 nanometers (nm) to 1 millimetre ( mm)

A

1000000nm = 1mm

42
Q

how do you go from nm to μm to mm to cm to m

A

divide by 1000 unless your converting cm to m which is when you divide by 10

43
Q

How do you go from m to cm to mm to μm to nm

A

times by 1000 unless your converting m to cm which is when you times by 10

44
Q

what is the structure of chloroplast

A
  • has a double membrane that is filled with a liquid called stoma.
  • contains stacks of thylakoid membranes called grana.
  • thylakoid membranes are the site for photosynthesis.
45
Q

what is the structure of the vacuole

A

-a membrane called tonoplast which is filled with cell sap.

46
Q

what is the structure of the Golgi complex

A

-has smooth membranes forming the cell

47
Q

what is the structure of lysosomes

A

-contains hydrolytic enzymes to digest materials in the cells

48
Q

what is the function of tonoplast membrane

A

controls movement of molecules into and out of the vacuole

49
Q

what is the function of the amyloplasts

A

stores starch

50
Q

what is the function of the middle lamella

A

sticks cells together

51
Q

what is the function of the plasmodesmata and pits

A

allows communication between one cell and another

52
Q

what are the parts of the plant cell

A
  • chloroplast
  • vacuole
  • tonoplast membrane
  • cell wall
  • amyloplasts
  • middle lamella
  • plasmodesmata and pits
53
Q

what are the parts of the animal cell

A
  • plasma membrane
  • rough ER
  • smooth ER
  • mitochondrion
  • ribosomes
  • golgi apparatus
  • lysosomes
  • centrioles
  • nucleus
  • vesicle
  • nucleolus
  • cytoplasm

Unit 1 BTEC science (4 decks)

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