biology parcial

Question 1

Characteristics of living things

Answer 1

Organization:
Genetic code
Response to stimuli 
Homeostasis
Metabolism 
Growth 
Reproduction 
Adaptation and evolution

Question 2

Organization:

Answer 2

In living things, the components are organized complexly. Nothing can exist or function
without this complex organization.

Question 3

Genetic Code

Answer 3

All living things share an essential characteristic: The genetic code

Question 4

Response to Stimuli:

Answer 4

Perception and response to stimuli that come from the external and internal
environment

Question 5

Homeostasis

Answer 5

While everything in the universe tends to chaos, life strives to maintain its balance, even
if it has to spend energy to achieve this.

Question 6

Metabolism:

Answer 6

Obtaining and using energy ,Metabolism involves the destruction of
molecules, that is catabolism, and the formation of new molecules, or anabolism

Question 7

Growth

Answer 7

All living things, to a greater or lesser extent, increase their volume, that is, they grow.

Question 8

Reproduction

Answer 8

To perpetuate their species, individuals must reproduce themselves.

Question 9

Asexual reproduction:

Answer 9

Its main characteristic is the fact that the descendant is genetically identical to its predecessor, since in this modality, sperm and ovules are not involved

Question 10

Sexual reproduction

Answer 10

involves the fertilization of two different cells: the

sperm and the egg. Increased possibilities of adaptation to the changing environment,

Question 11

Parasexual reproduction

Answer 11

Genetic variability is achieved
through the exchange of DNA that is carried out by:
o Conjugation
o Transduction
o Transformation

Question 12

Adaptation Ability and Evolution:

Answer 12

forced to adapt and evolve in order to survive, if it does not happen, the punishment will be the extinction

Question 13

Who invented the Compound Microscope?

Answer 13

Zacharias Janssen (1590)
The magnification range achieved
by this microscope was between 3x and 9x

Question 14

first person who names this invention as “the microscope”

Answer 14

Giovani Faber in 1625.

Question 15

History of the Cell:

Answer 15

The story begins with Robert Hooke, who in 1665 published the observations he made with the microscope he created

Anton van Leeuwenhoek, with the lenses he had crafted, observed and described in more detail cells
such as spermatozoa and protozoa, and even some bacteria.(1674)

Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden proposed the first postulate of the cell theory: the cell is the elemental unit of plants and animals.

Robert Brown (1831) described the nucleus in plant cells.

Johannes Evangelista Purkinje (1839) introduced the term protoplasm, that is, he was the first to
describe the cellular cytoplasm.

Rudolph A. von Kölliker identified the mitochondria (1857)

Rudolf Virchow proposed that all cells come from preexisting cells (1858)

Lynn Margulis (1981) proposed the endosymbiotic theory, which explains, with solid arguments, the
origin of eukaryotic cells

Question 16

Cell Theory

Answer 16

The cell is the morphological and structural unit of all living things;
Omnis cellula ex cellula
The cell is the physiological unit of life
The cell contains the hereditary information

Question 17

cell

Answer 17

complex thermodynamic structures that use energy to maintain the conditions that make possible
their existence

Question 18

Structure and Function of the Cell:

Answer 18

they share the following three characteristics:

 Cell membrane: Defines the boundary between the cell and the environment that surrounds it; it
is the structure that allows it to have individuality.

 Cytoplasm: The organelles are immersed.

 Genetic material: Cells have DNA

Question 19

smallest cell known so far

Answer 19

Mycoplasma genitalium (.2 micrometers)

Question 20

main difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Answer 20

eukaryotes have an endomembrane system, whereas prokaryotes do not

Question 21

 Prokaryotic Cell

Answer 21

Prokaryotes are cells without a nucleus. The most noticeable difference is that their genetic
material is found in the cytoplasm, in an area called the nucleoid. They are also unicellular
and can be reproduced asexually or parasexually

Question 22

The components in all prokaryotic cells include

Answer 22

o Cell membrane
o Cell wall (except in some cells such as mycoplasmas)
o Cytoplasm
o Nucleoid (is the genetic material)
o Ribosomes
o Prokaryotic compartments (chlorosomes, carboxysomes, proteasomes, and
magnetosomes)
o The cell may have: flagella
They can be anaerobic or aerobic, heterotrophs or autotrophs.

Question 23

Eukaryotic Cell

Answer 23

There are two types of eukaryotic cells: the animal and the plants

Question 24

o Animal Cell organelles and structures

Answer 24

The components of the animal cell are:
 Cell membrane: 
 Membranous organelles:
Nucleus: 
Rugg endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (REL)
Golgi apparatus (GA): 
Lysosomes: 
Peroxisomes: 
Mitochondria: 
 Not membranous organelles:
Cytoskeletal elements: 
Centrosome: 
Centrioles
Cytoplasmic inclusions:

Question 25

Organelles and structures that are found in plant

cells:

Answer 25

Cell wall: 
 Central vacuole: 
 Plastids: 
Chloroplasts
Leucoplasts
 Chromoplasts
Amyloplasts
Elaioplasts
 Glyosysome: 
 Plasmodesma

Question 26

organelles that have a similar composition and function in both cell types

Answer 26

membrane, nucleus, cytoskeleton, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and
peroxisomes.

Question 27

what passes through the cellular transport

Answer 27

nutrients or molecules

transport can be classified according to the amount of molecules that pass through the membrane

Question 28

Active transportation

Answer 28

This transport spends energy and goes against gradients of concentration.

Question 29

Passive Transportation

Answer 29

This transport does not waste energy and foes in favor of concentration gradient. it can be
simple difussion,
facilitated difussion and ultrafiltration or dialysis

Question 30

Mass transport

Answer 30

formation of small membrane vesicles that are incorporated into or separated from the plasma membrane

Question 31

endocytosis

Answer 31

incorporation of material into the cell.
Pinocytosis: .
Phagocytosis:
Receiver-mediated endocytosis:

Question 32

Exocytosis

Answer 32

secretion of the material produced by cells.
Regulated:
Constitutive:

Question 33

levels of organization

Answer 33

Atom – Molecule - Cellular organelles – Cell – Tissue – Organ – Organ system – Organism –
Population – Community – Ecosystem – Biome